POVERTY REDUCTION IN NIGERIA: THE WAY FORWARD
1. INTRODUCTION
The description of Nigeria as a paradox by the World Bank (1996) has continued
to be confirmed by events and official statistics in the country. The paradox is
that the poverty level in Nigeria contradicts the country’s immense wealth.
Among other things, the country is enormously endowed with human,
agricultural, petroleum, gas, and large untapped solid mineral resources.
Particularly worrisome is that the country earned over US$300 billion from one
resource – petroleum – during the last three decades of the twentieth century. But
rather than record remarkable progress in national socio -economic development,
Nigeria retrogressed to become one of the 25 poorest countries at the threshold of
twenty-first century whereas she was among the richest 50 in the early-1970s.
Official statistics show that in 1980 the national (average) poverty
incidence was 28.1 per of the population. The distribution of the incidence across
the states of the federation showed a maximum of 49.5 per cent recorded for
Plateau (and Nassarawa which was excised from Plateau). This meant that every
state had a poverty incidence below 50 per cent. By 1985, the national (average)
poverty incidence had risen to 46.3 per cent, with the maximum of 68.9 per cent
recorded in Bauchi (and Gombe which was carved out of Bauchi). As at 1996,
the national average stood at 65.6 per cent with Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara (all
Prof. Mike I. Obadan is the Director General, National Centre for Economic
Management and Administration (NCEMA), Ibadan.
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old Sokoto State) recording the highest incidence of 83.6 per cent; followed by
Bauchi and Gombe with 83.5 per cent. As at 2000, the incidence of poverty was
believed to have risen to 70 per cent at the national level.
The increasing incidence of poverty, both within and among locations,
was in spite of various resources and efforts exerted on poverty-related
programmes and schemes in the country, thus suggesting that the programmes and
schemes were ineffective and ineffectual. In the light of the present government’s
deep concern for the widespread and scourging poverty, this paper reviews
previous and current initiatives at poverty alleviation/reduction in Nigeria, and
examines some pertinent issues on the way forward. Accordingly, Section 2
overviews some poverty alleviation policies and programmes prior to the advent
of the present administration while Section 3 presents highlights of current
poverty reduction efforts. Section 4 addresses some pertinent issues on the way
forward. Section 5 concludes the paper.
II. OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS POVERTY ALLEVIATION
PROGRAMMES AND POLICIES
II.1 Poverty Alleviation and National Development Plans
Unit.l The inauguration of a Poverty Alleviation Programme Development
Committee (PAPDC) by the Nigerian government in 1994, all efforts at poverty
alleviation were essentially ad-hoc. It was generally the case that poverty
alleviation programmes and strategies were not crystallised and consolidated
within the nation’s overall development objectives. This view is borne out of a CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4 perusal of the various National Development Plans over 1962-85 period, and National Rolling Plans from 1990. The particular significance of the National
Development/Rolling Plans hinges on the fact that they provided/provide much of the framework for the pursuit of development objectives since the attainment of
political independence in 1960. It can be observed from the Plan documents that “the primary goal of economic planning in Nigeria is the attainment of rapid increase in the nation’s productive capacity with a view to improving the living standards of the people”. This statement suggests some concern with poverty reduction which entails
improved standard of living. However, poverty alleviation objectives were tangential and not explicit objectives of all the plans. The poverty-related objectives during 1962-85 included:
(a) increase in per capita income;
(b) more even distribution of income;
(c) reduction in the level of unemployment; and
(d) increase in the supply of high level manpower.
In a related vein, the First National Rolling Plan had, among other things, the objectives of:
* Creating ample employment opportunities as a means of
containing the unemployment problem; and
* enhancing the level of socio-political awareness of the people and further strengthening the base for a market-oriented economy and mitigating the adverse impact of the economic down-turn on the most affected groups. CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4 Although not direct statements of concern with poverty alleviation, the foregoing have implications for poverty. For example, if there is an increase in per-capita income, simultaneously with more even distribution of income, such would
lead to poverty reduction. Reduction in the level of unemployment is conceivably a necessary condition for realization of increased income per-capita. The closest
direct statement of concern with poverty is contained in the Third Plan (FRN, 1975:29):
…development is not just a matter of growth in per capita income. It is possible
to record a high growth rate in per capita income while the masses of the people
continue to be in abject poverty and lacking in the basic necessities of life,
particularly in a situation as in Nigeria today, where the momentum of growth
derives from a sector whose direct impact on the bulk of the population is small.
An important objective of the plan, therefore, is to spread the benefits of
economic development so the Nigerian would experience a marked improvement
in his standard of living.
Nonetheless, in the same vein as concern with poverty alleviation was a derived
and not a direct objective, the strategies in the plan were not lucidly direct and
explicitly specific.
Generally, the priorities and strategies enunciated in virtually all the Plans
under reference show that agricultural production was always accorded the
highest priority (FRN) (1990:17); FRN (1981:37); FRN (1970:35) – although, the
Third Plan emphasized the mutual development of agriculture and industry for
balanced growth (FRN,1975:30). Even in the structural adjustment programme
document, agriculture was considered one of the critical sectors whose
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rehabilitation would be crucial to the success of the programme (FRN, 1986:8).
A concomitance of agricultural development, or its apanage, is rural development.
Against the background that the poor are preponderantly located in rural areas,
and are mainly engaged in agriculture, the accord of highest priority to agriculture
in the plan documents would suggest favourable disposition towards poverty
alleviation.
From the foregoing, two distinct approaches to poverty alleviation could
be said to have featured prominently in Nigeria’s national development plans and
planning. These are the economic growth strategy that presumes the trickling
down of the benefits of growth to the poor, and the strategy of rural/agricultural
development. Indeed, rural development could be viewed as having been central
to Nigeria’s poverty alleviation strategies. And the center -piece of the rural
development policy has been agricultural development, complemented by social
and economic infrastructure. For a long time now, the growth performance of the
country has not been satisfactory, with negative growth in the first half of the
1980s and very low growths since 1992 (an average of 2.5 per cent from 1992-
1999). Even in periods of economic growth, Nigerians did not experience
considerable or commensurate poverty reduction. In 1985-1992, there was a
slight increase in GDP and per capita income, and there was a slight drop in
aggregate poverty headcount level (from 46.3 to42.7 per cent), but inequality
worsene d and the core-poor did not share in the growth as the depth and severity
of poverty did not improve significantly. This suggests the need for a strategy of
growth with equity for poverty reduction.
In sum, within the framework of the National Development Plans, the
implicit thinking was that a positive relationship existed growth in the GDP and
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increased welfare for the general citizenry. And so, the approach to poverty
alleviation as expressed in the fundamental objectives of the Development Plans
did not involve policies and programmes which directly targeted the poor. The
poor were implicitly expected to benefit from the “trickle -down efforts” of the
overall process of development. But this has not been the case. And so growth
must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of targeted interventions.
II.2 Government Programmes and Policies Related to Poverty
In the light of the government’s concern for poverty reduction, numerous
policies and programmes have been designed at one time or another, if not to
meet the special needs of the poor, at least to reach them. The advent of the
Structural Adjustment Programme in1986 brought out more forcefully the need
for policies and programmes to alleviate poverty and provide safety nets for the
poor. This emphasis arose from an awareness of the unintended negative effects
of structural adjustment policies on the vulnerable groups in the society. While
structural adjustment had its salutary effects on economic growth, it lacked
emphasis on development and also accentuated socio-economic problems of
income inequality, unequal access to food, shelter, education, health and other
necessities of life. It indeed, aggravated the incidence of poverty among ma ny
vulnerable groups in the society.
As a result of the continuous deterioration of living conditions in the late
1980s, several poverty alleviation programmes came on board. They were
designed to impact positively on the poor. By the end of 1998, there were sixteen
poverty alleviation institutions in the country. In 1994, the Government set up a
broad-based Poverty Alleviation Programme Development Committee (PAPDC)
under the aegis of the aegis of the National Planning Commission. The primary
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objective of the PAPDC was to advise the government on the design, coordination
and implementation of poverty alleviation programmes. Its work contributed
immensely to the emergence of a new approach to the design and organisation of
poverty alleviation programmes culminating in the establishment in 1996 of the
Community Action Programme for Poverty Alleviation (CAPPA). CAPPA is a
community based approach which adopts a combination of social funds and social
action strategy. The CAPPA document drew largely from the past experience on
poverty reduction efforts in the country and attempts to ensure that the poor are
not only carried along in the design and implementation of poverty projects that
affect them but that the poor themselves actually formulate and manage the
poverty projects. Various agencies (Government, Donors and NGOs) involved in
poverty alleviation in the country have embraced the CAPPA strategy. Also, in
1996, a draft National Poverty Alleviation Policy document was produced by the
Government through the National Planning Commission. Its thrust is the
improvement in human welfare in the immediate and distant future.
Specifically, a number of government programmes initiated in the past,
have aimed at improving basic services, infrastructure and housing facilities for
the rural and urban population, extending access to credit farm inputs, and
creating employment. Most of the programmes were, however, not specifically
targeted towards the poor, though they affect them. There are specific multisector
programmes (water and sanitation, environment, etc) as well as sectorspecific
programmes in agriculture, health, education, transport, housing, finance,
industry/manufacturing and nutrition. (Box I contains some government
programmes related to poverty). Some achievements have been recorded by these
poverty-relation programmes in the areas of food crop production, agricultural
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and industrial extension services, primary health care, education enrolment, mass
transit programme and financial sector services through the People’s Bank of
Nigeria and Community Banks. However, the fact that the incidence of poverty
remains very high, the existence of the various programmes notwithstanding,
points to the ineffectiveness of the strategies and programmes. A number of
factors have contributed to the failure of past poverty-related programmes and
efforts. Some of them are:
(i) lack of targeting mechanisms for the poor and the fact that most of the
programmes do not focus directly on the poor.
(ii) Political and policy instability have resulted in frequent policy changes
and inconsistent implementation which in turn have prevented continuous
progress.
(iii) Inadequate coordination of the various programmes has resulted in each
institution carrying out its own activities with resultant duplication of
effort and inefficient use of limited resources. Overlapping functions
ultimately led to institutional rivalry and conflicts.
(iv) Severe budgetary, management and governance problems have afflicted
most of the programmes, resulting in facilities not being completed,
broken down and abandoned, unstaffed and equipped.
(v) Lack of accountability and transparency thereby making the programmes
to serve as conduit pipes for draining national resources.
(vi) Overextended scope of activities of most institutions, resulting in
resources being spread too thinly on too many activities. Examples are
DFRRI and Better Life Programmes which covered almost every sector
and overlapped with many other existing programmes.
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(vii) Inappropriate programme design reflecting lack of involvement of
beneficiaries in the formulation and implementation of programmes.
Consequently, beneficiaries were not motivated to identify themselves
sufficiently with the successful implementation of the programmes.
(viii) Absence of target setting for Ministries, Agencies and Programmes.
(ix) Absence of effective collaboration and complementation among the three
tiers of government.
(x) Absence of agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all
concerned – Federal Government, State Governments, Local
Governments. NGOs, and the International Donor Community.
(xi) Most of the programmes lacked mechanisms for their sustainability.
Box 1
Some Government Programmes Related to Poverty
Multisectoral Programmes include: the National Directorate of Employment,
which consists of four main programmes: the Vocational Skills Development
Programme, the Special Public Works Programme, the Small Scale Enterprises
Programme, and the Agriculture Employment Programme; the Directorate of
Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure, which supports mainly rural infrastructure
projects; and the Better Life Programme, which supports a multitude of
programmes targeted at women, including agriculture and extension services,
education and vocational training, cottage industries and food processing, primary
health care delivery and enlightenment/awareness and cooperatives. The last is
now replaced by Family Support Programme.
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BOX 1 CONTD.
Agriculture Sector Programmes include the Agriculture Development
Programmes; the National Agricultural Land Development Authority, the
Strategic grains Reserves Programme. The Programme for Accelerated Wheat
Production, as well as the development of artisanal fishery, small ruminant
production, pasture and grazing reserves. These programmes promote utilization
of land resources through subsidized land development, supply of farm inputs and
services and credit extension to farmers, and institutional support for produce
marketing cooperatives.
Health Sector Programmes include the primary Health Care Scheme, which
aims at providing at least one health centre in every local government; and the
Guinea-worm Eradication Programme, launched in 1988 with assistance of donor
agencies including UNICEF, which supports health interventions to control
diarrhea diseases, eradicate guinea-worm, and promote changes in knowledge,
attitudes and practices relating to water use, excreta disposal and general hygiene.
The effectiveness of the PHC programme was hampered by inadequate funding
from the LGAs, and lack of equipment, essential drugs, and trained manpower.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
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BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
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only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
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and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
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· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
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State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
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related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
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activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
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Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
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What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
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map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
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would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
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disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
REFERENCES
Abdullahi, M. Yahoo (1993) The Design and Management of poverty Alleviation
projects in Africa. Washington, D. C.: Economic Development Institute
of the World Bank.
Aliu, A. (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP):
Completion, Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring, NAPEP
Secretariat, Abuja, April.
Besley, Timothy (1996), “Political Economy of Alleviating Poverty: Theory and
Institutions”, in M. Bruno and B. Pleskovic (eds), proceedings of the
Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World
Bank Washington, D.C.
Central Bank of Nigeria, Research Department (1999) Nigeria’s development
Prospects: Poverty Assessment and Alleviation Study (Abuja: CBN).
Fajingbesi, A.A. and E.O. Uga (2001a), “Plans, Programmes and Poverty
Alleviation Strategies in Nigeria”, in Integration of poverty Alleviation
Strategies into plans and programmes in Nigeria, NCEMA, Ibadan.
FRN (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP): A Blueprint for
the Schemes, NAPEP Secretariat, Abuja, June.
NCEMA (1995), Integration of Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and
Programmes of Nigeria, Report of a National Workshop, Kaduna and
Ibadan, November – December.
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Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1995), “Community Action Programme
for Poverty Alleviation (CAPPA)”, Lagos.
Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1994), Government Policies and
Programmes to Reach the Poor”, Background paper to poverty
Assessment Studies (January).
Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Finance (2000)./ “Nigeria: CG Poverty Reduction
Paper”. Background paper for Consultative Group Meeting.
Obadan, M.I. (1996) “Analytical Framework for poverty Reduction: Issue of
Economic Growth Versus Other Strategies”, Proceedings of the 1996
Annual Conference of the Niger ia Economic Society (Ibadan: NES).
Obadan, M. I. (1996) “Poverty in Nigeria: Characteristics, Alleviation Strategies
and Programmes”, NCEMA Analysis Series, Vol. 2, No. 2.
Okowa, W.J. (1987), “Urban Bias in Nigerian Development Planning”, The
Nigeria Jour nal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 29 (1), March.
Okumadewa, F. (1996) “Nigeria: Poverty Reducing Growth Strategies and
Options”. Proceedings of the CBN/World Bank Collaborative Study
Workshop on “Nigeria: Prospects for Development”. (Abuja: CBN).
Olayemi, J.K. (1995), “A Survey of Approaches to Poverty Alleviation”. A
Paper Presented at the NCEMA National Workshop on Integration of
Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and Programmes in Nigeria,
Ibadan, Nov. 27 – Dec. I.
The Presidency (2001), “Communique and Syndicate Groups Reports of the first
Retreat for Executive Governors and State Coordinators of the National
Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)”, Abuja, June 22 – 24.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Ukpong, S.J. (1996), “Putting People First: New Directions for Eradicating
Poverty”, A Paper Presented at the National Dialogue/Workshop on
Agenda for Sustainable Human Development in Nigeria, Organized by the UNDP
in port-Harcourt, 3-5 May.
World Bank (1996), Nigeria, Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The challenge of
Growth with Inclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank (1993), Poverty Reduction Handbook Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), Advancing Social Development. Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), “Distribution and Growth: Complements, Not
Compromises”. Policy Research Bulletin, vol. 6, No. 3 (May-July).
PAUVRETÉ REDUCTON AU NIGÉRIA, LA MANIÈRE EN AVANT
Automatically translated into French thanks to WorldLingo
RÉDUCTION DE PAUVRETÉ DU NIGÉRIA : LA MANIÈRE EXPÉDIENT
1. INTRODUCTION que
la description du Nigéria comme paradoxe par la banque mondiale (1996) a continué
à être confirmée par des événements et des statistiques de fonctionnaire dans le pays. Le paradoxe est
que le seuil de pauvreté au Nigéria contredit l'immense richesse du pays.
Entre autres, le pays est énormément doté d'humain,
agricole, pétrole, gaz, et grandes ressources minérales pleines inexploitées.
Particulièrement inquiétant est que le pays gagné US$300 fini milliard d'une
ressource - pétrole - pendant les trois dernières décennies du vingtième siècle. Mais
plutôt que le progrès remarquable de disque dans le développement socio-économique national,
Nigéria retrogressed pour devenir l'un des 25 pays les plus pauvres au seuil
du vingt et unième siècle tandis qu'elle était parmi les 50 les plus riches dans l'early-1970s.
Les statistiques officielles montrent que cela en 1980 l'incidence (moyenne) nationale
de pauvreté était 28.1 par de population. La distribution de l'incidence à travers
les états de la fédération a montré un maximum de 49.5 pour cent enregistrés pour
le plateau (et le Nassarawa ce qui a été excisé du plateau). Ceci a signifié que chaque
état a eu une incidence de pauvreté en-dessous de 50 pour cent. D'ici 1985, l'incidence (moyenne)
de pauvreté de national avait atteint 46.3 pour cent, avec le maximum de 68.9 pour cent
enregistrés dans Bauchi (et Gombe qui a été découpé hors de Bauchi). Comme à 1996,
la moyenne nationale s'est élevée à 65.6 pour cent avec Sokoto, Kebbi et Zamfara (tout le
prof. Mike I. Obadan est le directeur général, le centre national pour la gestion
économique et l'administration (NCEMA), Ibadan.
EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE ET FINANCIER DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. vieil
Sokoto état de 4) enregistrant l'incidence la plus élevée de 83.6 pour cent ; suivi
de Bauchi et de Gombe avec 83.5 pour cent. Comme à 2000, l'incidence de la pauvreté
était censée pour avoir atteint 70 pour cent au niveau national.
L'incidence croissante de la pauvreté, dans et parmi des endroits,
était malgré de diverses ressources et efforts exercés sur des programmes
et des arrangements pauvreté-connexes dans le pays, de ce fait suggérant que les programmes et
les arrangements aient été inefficaces et inefficaces. À la lumière du souci profond
du gouvernement actuel pour la pauvreté répandue et châtiante, cet article passe en revue
des initiatives précédentes et courantes à l'allégement/à réduction de pauvreté du Nigéria, et
examine quelques questions convenables sur le chemin en avant. En conséquence, vues d'ensemble de la section
2 quelques politiques d'allégement de pauvreté et programmes avant l'arrivée
de l'administration actuelle tandis que la section 3 présente des points culminants des efforts
courants de réduction de pauvreté. La section 4 adresse quelques questions convenables sur le chemin
en avant. La section 5 conclut le papier.
II. La VUE D'ENSEMBLE allégement de PAUVRETÉ d'ALLÉGEMENT
de pauvreté PRÉCÉDENTE de PROGRAMMES
ET de POLITIQUES II.1 et les programmes de développement nationaux
Unit.l l'inauguration d'un Comité d'élaboration de programme d'allégement
de pauvreté (PAPDC) par le gouvernement nigérien en 1994, tous les efforts à l'allégement
de pauvreté étaient essentiellement ads-hoc. C'était généralement le cas que des programmes
et les stratégies d'allégement de pauvreté n'ont pas été cristallisé et n'ont pas été consolidé
dans les objectifs globaux du développement de la nation. Cette vue est soutenue hors d'un EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE et FINANCIER de CBN, vol. N0 39. lecture 4 des divers programmes de développement nationaux plus de période 1962-85, et plans nationaux de roulement de 1990. La signification particulière du développement
national/du roulement projette des charnières sur le fait qu'elles ont fourni/fournissent une grande partie du cadre pour la poursuite des objectifs de développement depuis l'accomplissement
de l'indépendance politique en 1960. Il peut observer des documents de plan que « le but primaire de la planification économique au Nigéria est l'accomplissement de l'augmentation rapide de la capacité productive de la nation en vue d'améliorer les normes vivantes du peuple ». Ce rapport suggère du souci avec la réduction de pauvreté qui nécessite
le niveau amélioré la vie. Cependant, les objectifs d'allégement de pauvreté étaient des objectifs tangentiels et non explicites de tous plans. Les objectifs pauvreté-connexes pendant le 1962-85 inclus :
(a) augmentation par habitant du revenu ;
(b) une distribution du revenu plus égale ;
(c) réduction au niveau du chômage ; et
(d) augmentation de l'approvisionnement en main d'oeuvre à niveau élevé.
Dans une veine relative, le premier plan national de roulement a eu, entre autres, les objectifs de :
* Créant des offres d'emploi suffisantes en tant que moyens
de contenir le problème du chômage ; et
* augmentant le niveau de la conscience sociopolitique du peuple et autre renforçant la base pour une économie orientée vers le marché et atténuant l'impact défavorable de la diminution économique sur les groupes les plus affectés. EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE ET FINANCIER DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. 4 bien que les rapports non directs du souci avec l'allégement de pauvreté, l'antérieur aient des implications pour la pauvreté. Par exemple, s'il y a une augmentation du revenu par habitant, simultanément avec une distribution du revenu plus égale, tels
mèneraient à la réduction de pauvreté. La réduction au niveau du chômage est peut-être une condition nécessaire pour la réalisation du revenu accru par habitant. Le rapport
direct le plus étroit du souci avec la pauvreté est contenu dans le troisième plan (FRN, 1975:29) :
… le développement n'est pas simplement une question de croissance par habitant du revenu. Il est possible
d'enregistrer un taux de croissance élevé dans par habitant le revenu tandis que les masses du peuple
continuent à être la pauvreté vile et en manquant dans les nécessités de base de la vie,
en particulier dans une situation en tant qu'au Nigéria aujourd'hui, où l'élan de la croissance
dérive d'un secteur dont l'impact direct sur la partie de la population est petit.
Un objectif important du plan est, donc, d'écarter les avantages
du développement économique ainsi le nigérien éprouverait une amélioration marquée
de son niveau la vie.
Néanmoins, dans la même veine que le souci avec l'allégement de pauvreté était dérivée
et pas un objectif direct, les stratégies dans le plan n'étaient pas lucidly direct et
explicitement détail.
Généralement, les priorités et les stratégies déclarées dans pratiquement tous plans
sous la référence prouvent que la production agricole a été toujours accordée
la priorité la plus élevée (FRN) (1990 : 17) ; FRN (1981 : 37) ; FRN (1970 : 35) - bien que,
le troisième plan a souligné le développement mutuel de l'agriculture et de l'industrie pour
la croissance équilibrée (FRN, 1975 : 30). Même dans le document structural de programme d'adaptation
, l'agriculture a été considérée un des secteurs critiques l'EXAMEN
ÉCONOMIQUE et FINANCIER dont du CBN, vol. N0 39. la réadaptation
4 serait cruciale au succès du programme (FRN, 1986:8).
Un concomitance de développement agricole, ou son apanage, est développement rural.
Sur le fond que les pauvres sont preponderantly situé dans des secteurs ruraux,
et sont principalement engagés dans l'agriculture, l'entente de la priorité la plus élevée à l'agriculture
dans les documents de plan suggérerait la disposition favorable vers l'allégement
de pauvreté.
De ce qui précède, on a pu dire que deux approches distinctes
à l'allégement de pauvreté comportent en évidence dans les programmes de développement et la planification nationaux
du Nigéria. Ce sont la stratégie de croissance économique qui présume l'écoulement
vers le bas des avantages de la croissance aux pauvres, et la stratégie de développement rural/
agricole. En effet, le développement rural a pu être regardé comme après avoir été central
aux stratégies d'allégement de la pauvreté du Nigéria. Et le centre - le morceau de la politique
de développement rurale a été développement agricole, complété par l'infrastructure
sociale et. Pendant longtemps maintenant, l'exécution de croissance
du pays n'a pas été satisfaisante, avec la croissance négative de la première moitié
des années 80 et des croissances très basses depuis 1992 (une moyenne de 2.5 pour cent de 1992-
1999). Même en quelques périodes de croissance économique, les nigériens n'ont pas éprouvé
la réduction considérable ou proportionnée de pauvreté. En 1985-1992, il y avait
une légère augmentation de PIB et par habitant de revenu, et il y avait une légère baisse dans
le niveau global d'effectif de pauvreté (de 46.3 pour cent to42.7), mais le worsene
d d'inégalité et le noyau-pauvre n'a pas partagé dans la croissance car la profondeur et la sévérité
de la pauvreté ne se sont pas améliorées de manière significative. Ceci suggère le besoin de stratégie
de croissance avec des capitaux propres pour la réduction de pauvreté.
Dans la somme, dans le cadre des programmes de développement nationaux,
la pensée implicite était qu'un rapport positif a existé croissance du PIB et
de l'EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE et FINANCIER de CBN, vol. N0 39. bien-être
accru par 4 pour l'ensemble des habitants général. Et ainsi, l'approche à l'allégement
de pauvreté comme exprimé en objectifs fondamentaux des programmes de développement
n'a pas impliqué les politiques et les programmes qui ont directement visé les pauvres. On s'est implicitement attendu à ce que
les pauvres tirent bénéfice du « filet - vers le bas efforts »
du processus global du développement. Mais ce n'a pas été le cas. Et ainsi la croissance
doit être accompagnée d'une politique délibérée des interventions visées.
Des programmes du gouvernement II.2 et les politiques liés à la pauvreté
à la lumière du souci du gouvernement pour la réduction de pauvreté, les nombreuses
politiques et les programmes ont été conçus en même temps ou des autres, sinon
pour satisfaire les besoins spéciaux des pauvres, de les atteindre au moins. L'arrivée
du programme d'adaptation structural in1986 a apporté dehors plus avec force le besoin
des politiques et des programmes d'alléger la pauvreté et de fournir des filets de sûreté pour
les pauvres. Cette emphase a résulté d'une conscience des effets négatifs fortuits
des politiques structurales d'ajustement sur les groupes vulnérables dans la société. Tandis que
l'ajustement structural avait ses effets salutaires sur la croissance économique, elle a manqué
de l'emphase sur le développement et a également accentué des problèmes socio-économiques
de l'inégalité de revenu, de l'accès inégal à la nourriture, de l'abri, de l'éducation, de la santé et d'autres
nécessités de la vie. Il en effet, aggravé l'incidence de la pauvreté parmi les groupes vulnérables
ny de mA dans la société.
En raison de la détérioration continue des conditions vivantes vers la fin
des années 80, plusieurs programmes d'allégement de pauvreté sont venus à bord. Ils
ont été conçus pour effectuer franchement sur les pauvres. Vers la fin de 1998, il y avait seize
établissements d'allégement de pauvreté dans le pays. En 1994, le gouvernement a établi
un Comité offrant tout l'éventail de produits d'élaboration de programme d'allégement de pauvreté (PAPDC)
sous l'égide de l'égide de la Commission nationale de planification. EXAMEN
ÉCONOMIQUE et FINANCIER Du CBN primaire, vol. N0 39. l'objectif
4 du PAPDC était de conseiller le gouvernement sur la conception, la coordination
et l'exécution des programmes d'allégement de pauvreté. Son travail a contribué
immensément à l'apparition d'une nouvelle approche à la conception et à l'organisation
des programmes d'allégement de pauvreté aboutissant à l'établissement dans 1996
du programme d'action communautaire pour l'allégement de pauvreté (CAPPA). CAPPA est
une approche basée par communauté qui adopte une combinaison des fonds sociaux et de la stratégie
sociale d'action. Le document de CAPPA a tiré en grande partie de l'expérience antérieure sur
des efforts de réduction de pauvreté dans le pays et des tentatives de s'assurer que les pauvres
sont non seulement portés le long dans la conception et l'exécution des projets de pauvreté qui
les affectent mais qui les pauvres eux-mêmes réellement formulent et contrôlent
les projets de pauvreté. Les diverses agences (gouvernement, donateurs et O.N.G.s) impliquées dans
l'allégement de pauvreté dans le pays ont embrassé la stratégie de CAPPA. En outre, en
1996, un document national de politique d'allégement de pauvreté d'ébauche a été produit par
le gouvernement par la Commission nationale de planification. Sa poussée est
l'amélioration du bien-être humain dans un avenir immédiat et éloigné.
Spécifiquement, un certain nombre de programmes de gouvernement lancés dans le passé,
ont destiné à améliorer les services de base, l'infrastructure et loger des équipements
à la population rurale et urbaine, prolonger l'accès aux entrées de ferme de crédit, et
créer l'emploi. La plupart des programmes, cependant,
ont été pas spécifiquement visées vers les pauvres, bien qu'elles les affectent. Il y a des programmes multisectoriels
spécifiques (l'eau et hygiène, environnement, etc.) aussi bien que des programmes
sectorspecific en agriculture, santé, éducation, transport, logement, finances,
industrie/fabrication et nutrition. (La boîte I contient quelques programmes
de gouvernement liés à la pauvreté). Quelques accomplissements ont été enregistrés par ces
programmes de pauvreté-relation dans les régions de la production de récolte vivrière, de l'EXAMEN
ÉCONOMIQUE et FINANCIER de CBN agricole, vol. N0 39. 4
et services de prolongation industriels, santé primaire, inscription d'éducation, programme
de masse de passage et services financiers de secteur par la banque des personnes
du Nigéria et des banques de la Communauté. Cependant, le fait que l'incidence de la pauvreté
demeure très haute, l'existence malgré des divers programmes,
des points à l'inefficacité des stratégies et des programmes. Un certain nombre
de facteurs ont contribué à l'échec des programmes et des efforts pauvreté-connexes
passés. Certains d'entre eux sont :
(i) manque de viser des mécanismes pour les pauvres et le fait que la plupart
des programmes ne concentrent pas directement sur les pauvres.
(ii) L'instabilité politique et de politique ont eu comme conséquence les modificatons de police fréquentes
et l'exécution contradictoire qui à leur tour ont empêché le progrès
continu.
(iii) La coordination insatisfaisante des divers programmes a eu comme conséquence chaque
établissement effectuant ses propres activités avec la duplication des efforts
résultante et l'utilisation inefficace des ressources limitées. Fonctions de recouvrement
finalement menées à la rivalité et aux conflits institutionnels.
(iv) Les problèmes graves budgétaires, de gestion et de gouvernement ont affligé
la plupart des programmes, ayant pour résultat des équipements n'étant pas accompli,
décomposés et non abandonnés, unstaffed et les ont équipé.
(v) Manque de responsabilité et de transparent faisant de ce fait les programmes
pour servir de pipes de conduit à vidanger les ressources nationales.
(vi) Portée étendue des activités de la plupart des établissements, ayant pour résultat
des ressources étant écartées trop légèrement sur trop d'activités. Les exemples sont
DFRRI et meilleurs programmes de la vie qui ont couvert presque chaque secteur
et recouvrents avec beaucoup d'autres programmes existants.
EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE ET FINANCIER DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. (vii)
manque se reflétant de conception inadéquate du programme 4 de participation
des bénéficiaires dans la formulation et d'exécution des programmes.
En conséquence, des bénéficiaires n'ont pas été motivés pour s'identifier
suffisamment avec l'exécution réussie des programmes.
(viii) Absence de cible plaçant pour des ministères, des agences et des programmes.
(ix) Absence de collaboration et de complémentation efficaces parmi les trois
rangées du gouvernement.
(x) Absence d'ordre du jour convenu de réduction de pauvreté qui peut être employée par tout l'
intéressé - gouvernement fédéral, gouvernements d'état, gouvernements
locaux. O.N.G.s, et la Communauté de distributeur internationale.
(XI) La plupart des programmes ont manqué des mécanismes pour leur durabilité.
La boîte programmes
de 1 quelques gouvernement liés aux programmes
multisectoriels de pauvreté incluent : la direction nationale de l'emploi,
qui se compose de quatre programmes principaux : le programme de développement professionnel
de qualifications, le programme spécial de travaux publics, le programme d'entreprises à échelle réduite
, et le programme d'emploi d'agriculture ; la direction
de la nourriture, des routes et de l'infrastructure rurale, qui soutient principalement des projets ruraux
d'infrastructure ; et le programme meilleur de la vie, qui soutient une multitude
de programmes a visé aux femmes, y compris des services d'agriculture et de prolongation,
l'éducation et la formation professionnelle, des industries familiales et la transformation des produits alimentaires, la livraison
et éclaircissement primaire de santé/conscience et coopératives. Le bout
est maintenant remplacé par programme de soutien de Family.
EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE ET FINANCIER DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. 4
BOÎTE 1 CONTD.
Les programmes de secteur d'agriculture incluent les programmes de développement
d'agriculture ; l'autorité nationale de développement de région agricole,
le programme stratégique de réservations de grains. Le programme pour la production accélérée
de blé, aussi bien que le développement de la pêche d'artisanal, la production faible
de ruminant, pâturage et réservations de pâturage. Ces programmes favorisent l'utilisation
des ressources de la terre par le développement de terrain subventionné, l'approvisionnement en entrées de ferme et
services et prolongation de crédit aux fermiers, et le soutien institutionnel des coopératives
de vente de produit.
Les programmes de secteur de santé incluent l'arrangement primaire de santé, qui
vise à fournir au moins un centre de santé dans chaque gouvernement local ; et
le programme d'extirpation de Guinée-ver, lancé en 1988 avec l'aide des agences
de distributeur comprenant l'UNICEF, qui soutient des interventions de santé pour commander
les maladies de diarrhée, pour supprimer le Guinée-ver, et pour favoriser des changements de la connaissance,
des attitudes et des pratiques concernant l'utilisation de l'eau, disposition d'excréta et hygiène générale.
L'efficacité du programme de PHC a été entravée par le financement insatisfaisant
à partir du LGAs, et le manque d'équipement, drogues essentielles, et a formé la main d'oeuvre.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
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Retreat for Executive Governors and State Coordinators of the National
Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)”, Abuja, June 22 – 24.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Ukpong, S.J. (1996), “Putting People First: New Directions for Eradicating
Poverty”, A Paper Presented at the National Dialogue/Workshop on
Agenda for Sustainable Human Development in Nigeria, Organized by the UNDP
in port-Harcourt, 3-5 May.
World Bank (1996), Nigeria, Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The challenge of
Growth with Inclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank (1993), Poverty Reduction Handbook Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), Advancing Social Development. Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), “Distribution and Growth: Complements, Not
Compromises”. Policy Research Bulletin, vol. 6, No. 3 (May-July).
POBREZA REDUCTON EN NIGERIA, LA MANERA ADELANTE
Automatically translated into Spanish thanks to WorldLingo
REDUCCIÓN DE LA POBREZA EN NIGERIA: LA MANERA REMITE
1. INTRODUCCIÓN que
la descripción de Nigeria como paradoja por el banco mundial (1996) ha continuado
siendo confirmada por acontecimientos y estadística del funcionario en el país. La paradoja es
que el nivel de pobreza en Nigeria contradice la abundancia inmensa del país.
Entre otras cosas, el país enormemente se dota con humano,
agrícola, petróleo, gas, y recursos mineral sólidos sin aprovechar grandes.
Particularmente worrisome es que el país ganado US$300 excesivo mil millones a partir de un
recurso - petróleo - durante las tres décadas pasadas del vigésimo siglo. Pero
más bien que el progreso notable del expediente en el desarrollo socioeconómico nacional,
Nigeria retrogressed para convertirse en uno de los 25 países más pobres en el umbral
del vigésimo primer siglo mientras que ella estaba entre los 50 más ricos del early-1970s.
La estadística oficial demuestra que eso en el an o 80 la incidencia (media) nacional
de la pobreza era 28.1 por de la población. La distribución de la incidencia a través
de los estados de la federación demostró un máximo de 49.5 por ciento registrados para
la meseta (y Nassarawa cuál fue suprimido de meseta). Esto significó que cada
estado tenía una incidencia de la pobreza debajo de 50 por ciento. Antes de 1985, la incidencia (media)
de la pobreza del nacional se había levantado a 46.3 por ciento, con el máximo de 68.9 por ciento
registrados en Bauchi (y Gombe que fue tallado fuera de Bauchi). Como en 1996,
el promedio nacional estaba parado en 65.6 por ciento con Sokoto, Kebbi y Zamfara (todo el
profesor. Mike I. Obadan es el director general, el centro nacional para la gerencia
económica y la administración (NCEMA), Ibadan.
REVISIÓN ECONÓMICA Y FINANCIERA DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. viejo
Sokoto estado de 4) que registra la incidencia más alta de 83.6 por ciento; seguido por
Bauchi y Gombe con 83.5 por ciento. Como en 2000, la incidencia de la pobreza
fue creída para haberse levantado a 70 por ciento en el nivel nacional.
La incidencia de aumento de la pobreza, dentro y entre de localizaciones,
estaba a pesar de varios recursos y de esfuerzos ejercidos en programas
y esquemas pobreza-relacionados en el país, así sugiriendo que los programas y
los esquemas eran ineficaces e ineficaces. Teniendo en cuenta la preocupación profunda
del actual gobierno por la pobreza extensa y que azota, este papel repasa
iniciativas anteriores y actuales en el aligeramiento/la reducción de la pobreza en Nigeria, y
examina algunas ediciones pertinentes en la manera adelante. Por consiguiente, descripciones de la sección
2 algunas políticas del aligeramiento de la pobreza y programas antes del advenimiento
de la actual administración mientras que la sección 3 presenta toques de luz de los esfuerzos
actuales de la reducción de la pobreza. La sección 4 trata algunas ediciones pertinentes en la manera
adelante. La sección 5 concluye el papel.
II. La DESCRIPCIÓN los planes Unit.l del aligeramiento
de la POBREZA del ALIGERAMIENTO de la pobreza
ANTERIOR de los PROGRAMAS Y de las POLÍTICAS II.1 y de desarrollo
nacional la inauguración de un comité de desarrollo de programa del aligeramiento
de la pobreza (PAPDC) por el gobierno nigeriano en 1994, todos los esfuerzos en el aligeramiento
de la pobreza era esencialmente ad hoc. Era generalmente el caso que los programas
y las estrategias del aligeramiento de la pobreza no fueron cristalizados y no fueron consolidados
dentro de los objetivos totales del desarrollo de la nación. Esta visión se lleva fuera de una REVISIÓN ECONÓMICA y FINANCIERA de CBN, vol. N0 39. lectura atenta 4 de los varios planes de desarrollo nacional sobre el período 1962-85, y planes nacionales del balanceo a partir de 1990. La significación particular del desarrollo
nacional/del balanceo planea las bisagras en el hecho de que proporcionaron/proporcionan mucho del marco para la búsqueda de los objetivos del desarrollo desde el logro
de la independencia política en 1960. Puede ser observado de los documentos del plan que “la meta fundamental del planeamiento económico en Nigeria es el logro del aumento rápido en la capacidad productiva de la nación con objeto de mejorar los estándares vivos de la gente”. Esta declaración sugiere una cierta preocupación con la reducción de la pobreza que exige
el estándar mejorado vivir. Sin embargo, los objetivos del aligeramiento de la pobreza eran objetivos tangenciales y no explícitos de todos los planes. Los objetivos pobreza-relacionados durante 1962-85 incluyeron:
(a) aumento en per capita renta;
(b) una distribución de la renta más uniforme;
(c) reducción en el nivel del desempleo; y
(d) aumento en la fuente de mano de obra de alto nivel.
En una vena relacionada, el primer plan nacional del balanceo tenía, entre otras cosas, los objetivos de:
* Creando posibilidades de empleo amplias como medios
de contener el problema del desempleo; y
* realzando el nivel del conocimiento sociopolítico de la gente y más futuro consolidando la base para una economía orientada comercialmente y atenuando el impacto adverso del descenso económico en los grupos más afectados. REVISIÓN ECONÓMICA Y FINANCIERA DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. 4 aunque las declaraciones no directas de la preocupación con el aligeramiento de la pobreza, el precedente tienen implicaciones para la pobreza. Por ejemplo, si hay un aumento en renta de la por-capita, simultáneamente con una distribución de la renta más uniforme, tales
conducirían a la reducción de la pobreza. La reducción en el nivel del desempleo es concebible una condición necesaria para la realización de la por-capita creciente de la renta. La declaración
directa más cercana de la preocupación con pobreza se contiene en el tercer plan (FRN, 1975:29):
… el desarrollo no es apenas una cuestión de crecimiento en per capita renta. Es posible
registrar una alta tarifa de crecimiento en per capita renta mientras que las masas de la gente
continúan estando en pobreza despreciable y carecer en las necesidades básicas de la vida,
particularmente en una situación como en Nigeria hoy, donde el ímpetu del crecimiento
deriva de un sector que impacto directo en el bulto de la población sea pequeño.
Un objetivo importante del plan, por lo tanto, es separar las ventajas
del desarrollo económico así que el Nigerian experimentaría una mejora marcada
en su estándar vivir.
No obstante, en la misma vena que la preocupación con el aligeramiento de la pobreza estaba haber derivado
y no un objetivo directo, las estrategias en el plan no era lucidly directo y
explícitamente específico.
Generalmente, las prioridades y las estrategias declaradas en virtualmente todos los planes
bajo referencia demuestran que la producción agrícola siempre fue acordada
la prioridad más alta (FRN) (1990: 17); FRN (1981: 37); FRN (1970: 35) - aunque,
el tercer plan acentuó el desarrollo mutuo de la agricultura y de la industria para
el crecimiento equilibrado (FRN, 1975: 30). Incluso en el documento estructural del programa
de ajuste, la agricultura era considerada uno de los sectores críticos la REVISIÓN
ECONÓMICA y FINANCIERA que de CBN, vol. N0 39. la rehabilitación
4 sería crucial al éxito del programa (FRN, 1986:8).
Un concomitance del desarrollo agrícola, o su apanage, es desarrollo rural.
Contra el fondo que sitúan los pobres preponderantly en áreas rurales,
y se enganchan principalmente a agricultura, el acuerdo de la prioridad más alta a la agricultura
en los documentos del plan sugeriría la disposición favorable hacia el aligeramiento
de la pobreza.
Del precedente, dos acercamientos distintos al aligeramiento de la pobreza se podían
decir para haber ofrecido prominente en los planes y el planeamiento de desarrollo nacional
de Nigeria. Éstas son la estrategia del desarrollo económico que presume el goteo
abajo de las ventajas del crecimiento a los pobres, y la estrategia del desarrollo rural/
agrícola. De hecho, el desarrollo rural se podía ver como siendo central
a las estrategias del aligeramiento de la pobreza de Nigeria. Y el centro - el pedazo de la política
de desarrollo rural ha sido desarrollo agrícola, complementado por la infraestructura
social y económica. Durante mucho tiempo ahora, el funcionamiento del crecimiento
del país no ha sido satisfactorio, con crecimiento negativo por la mitad primer
de los años 80 y de los crecimientos muy bajos desde 1992 (un promedio de 2.5 por ciento a partir de la 1992-
1999). Incluso en períodos del desarrollo económico, los Nigerians no experimentaron
la reducción considerable o comensurada de la pobreza. En 1985-1992, había
un aumento leve en el GDP y per capita la renta, y había una gota leve en
nivel agregado del headcount de la pobreza (a partir de 46.3 por ciento to42.7), pero el worsene
d de la desigualdad y el corazón-pobre no compartió en el crecimiento pues la profundidad y la severidad
de la pobreza no mejoraron perceptiblemente. Esto sugiere la necesidad de una estrategia
del crecimiento con la equidad para la reducción de la pobreza.
En suma, en el marco de los planes de desarrollo nacional,
el pensamiento implícito era que existió una relación positiva crecimiento en el GDP y
la REVISIÓN ECONÓMICA y FINANCIERA de CBN, vol. N0 39. bienestar
creciente 4 para los ciudadanos generales. Y por eso, el acercamiento al aligeramiento
de la pobreza según lo expresado en los objetivos fundamentales de los planes de desarrollo
no implicó las políticas y los programas que apuntaron directamente a pobres.
Se esperaba que los pobres implícito beneficiaran del “chorrito - abajo esfuerzos”
del proceso total del desarrollo. Pero éste no ha sido el caso. Y el crecimiento se debe
acompañar tan por una política deliberada de intervenciones apuntadas.
Los programas del gobierno II.2 y las políticas relacionados con la pobreza
teniendo en cuenta la preocupación del gobierno por la reducción de la pobreza, las políticas
numerosas y los programas se han diseñado contemporáneamente u otros, si no
para resolver las necesidades especiales de los pobres, por lo menos de alcanzarlos. El advenimiento
del programa de ajuste estructural in1986 trajo hacia fuera más poderosamente la necesidad
de políticas y de programas de aliviar pobreza y de proporcionar las redes de seguridad para
los pobres. Este énfasis se presentó de un conocimiento de los efectos negativos involuntarios
de las políticas estructurales del ajuste en los grupos vulnerables en la sociedad. Mientras que
el ajuste estructural tenía sus efectos saludables en desarrollo económico, careció
énfasis en el desarrollo y también acentuó problemas socioeconómicos
de la desigualdad de la renta, del acceso desigual al alimento, del abrigo, de la educación, de la salud y de otras
necesidades de la vida. Él de hecho, agravado la incidencia de la pobreza entre grupos vulnerables
ny del mA en la sociedad.
Como resultado de la deterioración continua de condiciones vivas en los últimos
años 80, varios programas del aligeramiento de la pobreza vinieron a bordo.
Fueron diseñados para afectar positivamente los pobres. Antes de fin de 1998, había dieciséis
instituciones del aligeramiento de la pobreza en el país. En 1994, el gobierno instaló
a comité de desarrollo broad-based de programa del aligeramiento de la pobreza (PAPDC)
bajo la égida de la tutela de la Comisión nacional del planeamiento. REVISIÓN ECONÓMICA
y FINANCIERA Del CBN primario, vol. N0 39. el objetivo
4 del PAPDC era aconsejar el gobierno en el diseño, la coordinación
y la puesta en práctica de los programas del aligeramiento de la pobreza. Su trabajo contribuyó
inmenso a la aparición de un nuevo acercamiento al diseño y a la organización
de los programas del aligeramiento de la pobreza que culminaban en el establecimiento en 1996
del programa de la acción comunitaria para el aligeramiento de la pobreza (CAPPA). CAPPA es
un acercamiento basado comunidad que adopta una combinación de fondos sociales y de la estrategia
social de la acción. El documento de CAPPA dibujó en gran parte de la experiencia previa en
esfuerzos de la reducción de la pobreza en el país y tentativas de asegurarse de que llevan a los pobres
no sólo adelante en el diseño y la puesta en práctica de los proyectos de la pobreza que
los afectan pero que formulan y manejan los pobres ellos mismos realmente
los proyectos de la pobreza. Las varias agencias (gobierno, donantes y NGOs) implicadas en
el aligeramiento de la pobreza en el país han abrazado la estrategia de CAPPA. También, en
1996, un documento nacional de la política del aligeramiento de la pobreza del bosquejo fue elaborado por
el gobierno a través de la Comisión nacional del planeamiento. Su empuje es
la mejora en bienestar humano en el futuro inmediato y distante.
Específicamente, un número de programas del gobierno iniciados en el pasado,
han tenido como objetivo el mejorar de servicios básicos, de la infraestructura y de contener las instalaciones para
la población rural y urbana, de ampliar el acceso a las entradas de la granja del crédito, y
de crear el empleo. La mayor parte de los programas, sin embargo, fueron apuntados
no específicamente hacia los pobres, aunque los afectan. Hay programas multisectores
específicos (agua y saneamiento, ambiente, etc) así como programas
sectorspecific en agricultura, salud, la educación, el transporte, la cubierta, finanzas,
industria/la fabricación y nutrición. (La caja I contiene algunos programas
del gobierno relacionados con la pobreza). Algunos logros han sido registrados por estos
programas de la pobreza-relación en las áreas de la producción del cultivo alimenticio, de la REVISIÓN
ECONÓMICA y FINANCIERA de CBN agrícola, vol. N0 39. 4
y servicios de extensión industriales, cuidado médico primario, inscripción de la educación, programa
total del tránsito y servicios financieros del sector a través del banco de la gente
de Nigeria y de los bancos de comunidad. Sin embargo, el hecho de que la incidencia de la pobreza
sigue siendo muy alta, la existencia a pesar de los varios programas,
de los puntos a la ineficacia de las estrategias y de los programas. Un número
de factores han contribuido a la falta de últimos programas y esfuerzos
pobreza-relacionados. Algunos de ellos son:
(i) carencia de apuntar los mecanismos para los pobres y el hecho de que la mayor parte de
los programas no se centran directamente en los pobres.
(ii) La inestabilidad política y de la política ha dado lugar a los cambios policiales frecuentes
y a la puesta en práctica contraria que alternadamente han prevenido progreso
continuo.
(iii) La coordinación inadecuada de los varios programas ha dado lugar a cada
institución que realizaba sus propias actividades con la duplicación del esfuerzo
resultante y el uso ineficaz de recursos limitados. Funciones traslapadas
conducidas en última instancia a la rivalidad y a los conflictos institucionales.
(iv) Los problemas presupuestarios, de la gerencia y del gobierno severos han afligido
la mayor parte de los programas, dando por resultado las instalaciones que no eran terminadas,
analizadas y no abandonadas, unstaffed y los equiparon.
(v) Carencia de la responsabilidad y de la transparencia de tal modo que hacen los programas
para servir como pipas del conducto para drenar recursos nacionales.
(vi) Alcance extendido demasiado de actividades de la mayoría de las instituciones, dando por resultado
los recursos que son separados demasiado fino en demasiadas actividades. Los ejemplos son
DFRRI y programas mejores de la vida que cubrieron casi cada sector
y traslapados con muchos otros programas existentes.
REVISIÓN ECONÓMICA Y FINANCIERA DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. (vii)
carencia de reflejo del diseño inadecuado del programa 4 de la implicación
de beneficiarios en la formulación y de la puesta en práctica de programas.
Por lo tanto, no motivaron a los beneficiarios para identificarse
suficientemente con la puesta en práctica acertada de los programas.
(viii) Ausencia de la blanco que fija para los ministerios, las agencias y los programas.
(ix) Ausencia de la colaboración y de la complementación eficaces entre las tres
gradas del gobierno.
(x) Ausencia de la agenda convenida de la reducción de la pobreza que se puede utilizar por todo el
en cuestión - gobierno federal, gobiernos del estado, gobiernos
locales. NGOs, y la comunidad dispensadora de aceite internacional.
(XI) La mayor parte de los programas carecieron los mecanismos para su sustainability.
La caja programas
de 1 algunos gobierno relacionados con los programas
Multisectoral de la pobreza incluye: la dirección nacional del empleo,
que consiste en cuatro programas principales: el programa de desarrollo vocacional
de las habilidades, el programa especial de las obras públicas, el programa de las empresas de la escala
pequeña, y el programa del empleo de la agricultura; la dirección
del alimento, de caminos y de la infraestructura rural, que apoya principalmente proyectos rurales
de la infraestructura; y el programa mejor de la vida, que apoya una multiplicidad
de programas apuntó en las mujeres, incluyendo servicios de la agricultura y de extensión,
la educación y la formación profesional, industrias de cabaña y la transformación de los alimentos, entrega
y aclaración primaria del cuidado médico/conocimiento y las cooperativas. El último
ahora es substituido por programa de ayuda de Family.
REVISIÓN ECONÓMICA Y FINANCIERA DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. 4
CAJA 1 CONTD.
Los programas del sector de la agricultura incluyen los programas de desarrollo
de la agricultura; la autoridad nacional del desarrollo de la región agrícola,
el programa estratégico de las reservas de granos. El programa para la producción acelerada
del trigo, así como el desarrollo de la industria pesquera del artisanal, la producción pequeña
del rumiante, pasto y reservas del pasto. Estos programas promueven la utilización
de los recursos de tierra con el desarrollo de tierra subvencionado, fuente de entradas de la granja y
los servicios y extensión del crédito a los granjeros, y ayuda institucional para las cooperativas
de la comercialización del producto.
Los programas del sector de la salud incluyen el esquema primario del cuidado médico, que
tiene como objetivo el proporcionar por lo menos de un centro de la salud en cada gobierno local; y
el programa de la extirpación del Guinea-gusano, lanzado en 1988 con la ayuda de las agencias
dispensadoras de aceite incluyendo la Unicef, que apoya intervenciones de la salud para controlar
enfermedades de la diarrea, para suprimir el Guinea-gusano, y para promover cambios en conocimiento,
las actitudes y las prácticas referente a uso del agua, disposición de los excreta e higiene general.
La eficacia del programa de PHC fue obstaculizada por el financiamiento inadecuado
del LGAs, y la carencia del equipo, drogas esenciales, y entrenó a mano de obra.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
REFERENCES
Abdullahi, M. Yahoo (1993) The Design and Management of poverty Alleviation
projects in Africa. Washington, D. C.: Economic Development Institute
of the World Bank.
Aliu, A. (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP):
Completion, Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring, NAPEP
Secretariat, Abuja, April.
Besley, Timothy (1996), “Political Economy of Alleviating Poverty: Theory and
Institutions”, in M. Bruno and B. Pleskovic (eds), proceedings of the
Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World
Bank Washington, D.C.
Central Bank of Nigeria, Research Department (1999) Nigeria’s development
Prospects: Poverty Assessment and Alleviation Study (Abuja: CBN).
Fajingbesi, A.A. and E.O. Uga (2001a), “Plans, Programmes and Poverty
Alleviation Strategies in Nigeria”, in Integration of poverty Alleviation
Strategies into plans and programmes in Nigeria, NCEMA, Ibadan.
FRN (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP): A Blueprint for
the Schemes, NAPEP Secretariat, Abuja, June.
NCEMA (1995), Integration of Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and
Programmes of Nigeria, Report of a National Workshop, Kaduna and
Ibadan, November – December.
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Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1995), “Community Action Programme
for Poverty Alleviation (CAPPA)”, Lagos.
Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1994), Government Policies and
Programmes to Reach the Poor”, Background paper to poverty
Assessment Studies (January).
Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Finance (2000)./ “Nigeria: CG Poverty Reduction
Paper”. Background paper for Consultative Group Meeting.
Obadan, M.I. (1996) “Analytical Framework for poverty Reduction: Issue of
Economic Growth Versus Other Strategies”, Proceedings of the 1996
Annual Conference of the Niger ia Economic Society (Ibadan: NES).
Obadan, M. I. (1996) “Poverty in Nigeria: Characteristics, Alleviation Strategies
and Programmes”, NCEMA Analysis Series, Vol. 2, No. 2.
Okowa, W.J. (1987), “Urban Bias in Nigerian Development Planning”, The
Nigeria Jour nal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 29 (1), March.
Okumadewa, F. (1996) “Nigeria: Poverty Reducing Growth Strategies and
Options”. Proceedings of the CBN/World Bank Collaborative Study
Workshop on “Nigeria: Prospects for Development”. (Abuja: CBN).
Olayemi, J.K. (1995), “A Survey of Approaches to Poverty Alleviation”. A
Paper Presented at the NCEMA National Workshop on Integration of
Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and Programmes in Nigeria,
Ibadan, Nov. 27 – Dec. I.
The Presidency (2001), “Communique and Syndicate Groups Reports of the first
Retreat for Executive Governors and State Coordinators of the National
Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)”, Abuja, June 22 – 24.
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Ukpong, S.J. (1996), “Putting People First: New Directions for Eradicating
Poverty”, A Paper Presented at the National Dialogue/Workshop on
Agenda for Sustainable Human Development in Nigeria, Organized by the UNDP
in port-Harcourt, 3-5 May.
World Bank (1996), Nigeria, Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The challenge of
Growth with Inclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
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Compromises”. Policy Research Bulletin, vol. 6, No. 3 (May-July).
POVERTÀ REDUCTON IN NIGERIA, IL SENSO IN AVANTI
Automatically translated into Italian thanks to WorldLingo
RIDUZIONE DI POVERTÀ IN NIGERIA: IL SENSO SPEDISCE
1. INTRODUZIONE che
la descrizione della Nigeria come paradosso dal mondo Bank (1996) ha continuato
ad essere confermata dagli eventi e dalle statistiche del funzionario nel paese. Il paradosso è
che il livello di povertà in Nigeria contraddice la ricchezza immensa del paese.
Tra l'altro, il paese enormemente è dotato d'umano,
agricolo, petrolio, gas e grandi risorse minerarie solide inbattute.
Particolarmente worrisome è che il paese guadagnato US$300 eccessivo miliardo da una
risorsa - petrolio - durante le ultime tre decadi del ventesimo secolo. Ma
piuttosto che il progresso notevole dell'annotazione nello sviluppo socio-economico nazionale,
Nigeria retrogressed per trasformarsi in in uno dei 25 più poveri paesi alla soglia
del ventunesimo secolo mentre era fra i 50 più ricchi nel early-1970s.
Le statistiche ufficiali mostrano che quello in 1980 l'incidenza (media) nazionale
di povertà era 28.1 per della popolazione. La distribuzione dell'incidenza attraverso
dichiara della federazione ha mostrato un massimo di 49.5 per cento registrati per
il plateau (e Nassarawa quale è stato asportato dal plateau). Ciò ha significato che ogni
dichiari ha avuto un'incidenza di povertà inferiore a 50 %. Entro 1985, l'incidenza (media)
di povertà del cittadino era aumentato a 46.3 per cento, con il massimo di 68.9 per cento
registrati in Bauchi (e in Gombe che è stato intagliato da Bauchi). Come a 1996,
la media nazionale si è levata in piedi a 65.6 per cento con Sokoto, Kebbi e Zamfara (tutto il
prof. Mike I. Obadan è il Direttore Generale, il centro nazionale per l'amministrazione
economica e la gestione (NCEMA), Ibadan.
RASSEGNA ECONOMICA & FINANZIARIA DI CBN, VOLUME. N0 39. 4
vecchio Sokoto dichiarano) la registrazione dell'incidenza più alta di 83.6 per cento; seguito
da Bauchi e da Gombe con 83.5 %. Come a 2000, l'incidenza di povertà
si è creduta per aumentare a 70 per cento al livello nazionale.
L'incidenza aumentante di povertà, sia all'interno di che fra le posizioni,
era nonostante le varie risorse e gli sforzi impiegati sui programmi
e sugli schemi povertà-relativi nel paese, così suggerendo che i programmi e
gli schemi erano inefficaci ed inefficaci. Alla luce della preoccupazione profonda
del governo attuale per la povertà diffusa e scourging, questo articolo rivede
le iniziative precedenti e correnti ad alleviamento/a riduzione di povertà in Nigeria ed
esamina alcune edizioni pertinenti sul senso in avanti. Di conseguenza, descrizioni della parte
2 alcune politiche di alleviamento di povertà e programmi prima dell'avvenimento
della gestione attuale mentre la parte 3 presenta i punti culminanti degli sforzi
correnti di riduzione di povertà. La parte 4 richiama alcune edizioni pertinenti sul senso
in avanti. La parte 5 conclude la carta.
II. LA DESCRIZIONE alleviamento di POVERTÀ di ALLEVIAMENTO
di povertà PRECEDENTE di PROGRAMMI
E di POLITICHE II.1 ed i piani di sviluppo nazionali
Unit.l l'inaugurazione di un comitato di sviluppo di programma di alleviamento
di povertà (PAPDC) dal governo nigeriano in 1994, tutti gli sforzi ad alleviamento
di povertà erano essenzialmente ad-hoc. Era generalmente il caso che i programmi
e le strategie di alleviamento di povertà non sono stati cristallizzati e non consolidato stati
all'interno degli obiettivi generali di sviluppo della nazione. Questa vista è sopportata da una REVISIONE ECONOMICA & FINANZIARIA di CBN, volume. N0 39. esame 4 di vari piani di sviluppo nazionali per il periodo 1962-85 e programmi nazionali di Rolling da 1990. L'importanza particolare dello sviluppo
nazionale/Rolling progetta le cerniere sul fatto che hanno fornito/forniscono gran parte della struttura per l'inseguimento degli obiettivi di sviluppo dal raggiungimento
di indipendenza politica in 1960. Può essere osservato dai documenti di programma che “l'obiettivo primario della progettazione economica in Nigeria è il raggiungimento di aumento veloce nella capienza produttiva della nazione con vista a migliorare i campioni viventi della gente„. Questa dichiarazione suggerisce una certa preoccupazione per riduzione di povertà che richiede
il livello migliorato of vivere. Tuttavia, gli obiettivi di alleviamento di povertà erano obiettivi tangenziali e non espliciti di tutti i programmi. Gli obiettivi povertà-relativi durante il 1962-85 incluso:
(a) aumenti per capita di reddito;
(b) ripartizione del reddito più uniforme;
riduzione (c) del livello di disoccupazione; ed
aumento (d) nel rifornimento di forza di lavoro ad alto livello.
In una vena relativa, il primo programma nazionale di Rolling ha avuto, tra l'altro, gli obiettivi di:
* Generando le possibilità d'impiego ampie come mezzi
di contenere il problema di disoccupazione; e
* aumentando il livello di consapevolezza sociopolitica della gente ed ulteriore rinforzando la base per un'economia market-oriented ed attenuando l'effetto avverso della diminuzione economica sui gruppi più affected. RASSEGNA ECONOMICA & FINANZIARIA DI CBN, VOLUME. N0 39. 4 anche se le dichiarazione non dirette di preoccupazione per alleviamento di povertà, il precedente hanno implicazioni per povertà. Per esempio, se ci è un aumento per-capita nel reddito, simultaneamente con ripartizione del reddito più uniforme, tali
condurrebbero a riduzione di povertà. La riduzione del livello di disoccupazione è in teoria una condizione necessaria per realizzazione di reddito aumentato per-capita. La dichiarazione
diretta più vicina di preoccupazione per povertà è contenuta nel terzo programma (FRN, 1975:29):
… lo sviluppo non è semplicemente un aspetto di sviluppo per capita nel reddito. È possibile
registrare un alto tasso di accrescimento per capita nel reddito mentre le masse della gente
continuano ad essere nella povertà abject e nel difettare nelle necessità di base di vita,
specialmente in una situazione come in Nigeria oggi, dove la quantità di moto di sviluppo
deriva da un settore di cui l'effetto diretto sulla massa della popolazione è piccolo.
Un obiettivo importante del programma, quindi, è spargere i benefici
di sviluppo economico in modo da il nigeriano avvertirebbe un miglioramento notevole
nel suo livello of vivere.
Ciò nonostante, nella stessa vena della preoccupazione per alleviamento di povertà era derivato
e non un obiettivo diretto, le strategie nel programma non era lucidly diretto ed
esplicitamente specifico.
Generalmente, le priorità e le strategie enunciate in virtualmente tutti i programmi
sotto riferimento indicano che la produzione agricola sempre era conciliata
la netta priorità (FRN) (1990: 17); FRN (1981: 37); FRN (1970: 35) - anche se,
il terzo programma ha dato risalto allo sviluppo reciproco dell'agricoltura e dell'industria per
sviluppo equilibrato (FRN, 1975: 30). Anche nel documento strutturale di programma
di registrazione, l'agricoltura è stata considerata uno dei settori critici RASSEGNA
ECONOMICA & FINANZIARIA di cui di CBN, volume. N0 39. la riabilitazione
4 sarebbe cruciale al successo del programma (FRN, 1986:8).
Un concomitance di sviluppo agricolo, o il relativo apanage, è sviluppo rurale.
Contro i precedenti che i poveri preponderantly sono situati nelle zone rurali
e pricipalmente sono agganciati nell'agricoltura, l'accordo della netta priorità all'agricoltura
nei documenti di programma suggerirebbe la disposizione favorevole verso alleviamento
di povertà.
Da quello che precede, due metodi distinti ad alleviamento di povertà hanno potuto
dirsi per caratterizzare prominente nei piani di sviluppo e nella pianificazione nazionali
della Nigeria. Queste sono la strategia di sviluppo economico che presume il gocciolamento
giù dei benefici di sviluppo ai poveri e la strategia sviluppo agricolo rurale/
. Effettivamente, lo sviluppo rurale ha potuto essere osservato come essendo centrale
alle strategie di alleviamento di povertà della Nigeria. Ed il centro - la parte della politica
di sviluppo rurale è stata sviluppo agricolo, complementato dall'infrastruttura
sociale ed economica. A lungo ora, le prestazioni di sviluppo
del paese non sono state soddisfacenti, con sviluppo negativo a metà primo
degli anni 80 e degli sviluppi molto bassi dal 1992 (una media di 2.5 per cento da 1992-
1999). Neppure nei periodi di sviluppo economico, i Nigerians non hanno avvertito
la riduzione considerevole o proporzionata di povertà. In 1985-1992, ci era
un aumento leggero nel P.I.L. e per capita nel reddito e ci era un calo leggero
nel livello aggregato del headcount di povertà (da 46.3 percento to42.7), ma worsene
d di diseguaglianza e i nucleo-poveri non si sono ripartiti nello sviluppo poichè la profondità e la severità
di povertà non hanno migliorato significativamente. Ciò suggerisce l'esigenza di una strategia
di sviluppo con l'equità per riduzione di povertà.
Nella somma, nel quadro dei piani di sviluppo nazionali,
pensare implicito era che un rapporto positivo esistesse sviluppo nel P.I.L. e
nella REVISIONE ECONOMICA & FINANZIARIA di CBN, volume. N0 39. benessere
aumentato 4 per il citizenry generale. E così, il metodo ad alleviamento
di povertà come espresso negli obiettivi fondamentali dei piani di sviluppo
non ha coinvolto le politiche ed i programmi che direttamente designassero i poveri come bersaglio.
I poveri si sono pensati che implicitamente traggano beneficio “dal trickle - giù sforzi„
del processo generale di sviluppo. Ma questo non è stato il caso. E così lo sviluppo
deve essere accompagnato da una politica intenzionale degli interventi designati.
I programmi di governo II.2 e le politiche relativi a povertà
alla luce della preoccupazione del governo per riduzione di povertà, le politiche
numerose ed i programmi sono stati destinati contemporaneamente o un altro, se non
per soddisfare le esigenze speciali dei poveri, raggiungerle almeno. L'avvenimento
del programma di registrazione strutturale in1986 ha messo in evidenza più validamente la necessità
per le politiche ed i programmi di alleviare la povertà e fornire le reti di sicurezza per
i poveri. Questa enfasi è risultato da una consapevolezza degli effetti negativi non intenzionali
delle politiche strutturali di registrazione sui gruppi vulnerabili nella società. Mentre
la registrazione strutturale ha avuta relativi effetti salutary su sviluppo economico, difettava
dell'enfasi su sviluppo ed inoltre ha accentuato i problemi socio-economici
di diseguaglianza di reddito, di accesso disuguale ad alimento, del riparo, della formazione, della salute e di altre
necessità di vita. Esso effettivamente, aggravato l'incidenza di povertà fra i gruppi vulnerabili
ny di mA nella società.
Come conseguenza del deterioramento continuo dei termini di vita verso la fine
degli anni 80, parecchi programmi di alleviamento di povertà sono venuto a bordo.
Sono stati destinati per avere effetto su positivamente sui poveri. Per la fine di 1998, ci erano sedici
istituzioni di alleviamento di povertà nel paese. In 1994, il governo ha installato
un comitato di sviluppo broad-based di programma di alleviamento di povertà (PAPDC)
sotto l'egida del aegis della Commissione nazionale di progettazione. RASSEGNA ECONOMICA
& FINANZIARIA Di CBN primario, volume. N0 39. l'obiettivo
4 del PAPDC era raccomandare il governo sul disegno, sulla coordinazione
e sull'esecuzione dei programmi di alleviamento di povertà. Il relativo lavoro ha contribuito
immenso all'emersione di nuovo metodo alla progettazione ed all'organizzazione
dei programmi di alleviamento di povertà che culminano nell'istituzione in 1996
del programma di azione comunitaria per alleviamento di povertà (CAPPA). CAPPA è
un metodo basato Comunità che adotta una combinazione dei fondi monetari sociali e della strategia
sociale di azione. Il documento di CAPPA ha disegnato in gran parte dall'esperienza precedente
sugli sforzi di riduzione di povertà nel paese e sui tentativi accertarsi che i poveri
non solo fossero trasportati avanti nel disegno e nell'esecuzione dei progetti di povertà che
li interessano ma che i poveri essi stessi realmente formulano e controllano
i progetti di povertà. Le varie agenzie (governo, donatori e NGOs) coinvolgere
nell'alleviamento di povertà nel paese hanno abbracciato la strategia di CAPPA. Inoltre,
in 1996, un documento nazionale di politica di alleviamento di povertà della brutta copia è stato redatto
dal governo attraverso la Commissione nazionale di progettazione. La relativa spinta è
il miglioramento nel benessere umano in futuro immediato e distante.
Specificamente, un certo numero di programmi di governo iniziati nel passato,
hanno puntato su migliorare i servizi di base, l'infrastruttura e l'alloggio delle facilità per
la popolazione rurale ed urbana, l'estensione dell'accesso agli input dell'azienda agricola di accreditamento e
la generazione dell'occupazione. La maggior parte dei programmi, tuttavia, non specificamente
sono stati designati verso i poveri, benchè li interessassero. Ci sono programmi multisettoriali
specifici (acqua e risanamento, ambiente, ecc) così come i programmi
sectorspecific in agricoltura, salute, formazione, trasporto, alloggiamento, finanza,
industria/manufacturing e nutrizione. (Scatola I contiene alcuni programmi
di governo relativi a povertà). Alcuni successi sono stati registrati da questi
programmi di povertà-rapporto nelle zone di produzione della raccolta per uso alimentare, della REVISIONE
ECONOMICA & FINANZIARIA di CBN agricolo, volume. N0 39. 4
e servizi di divulgazione e assistenza tecnica industriali, sanità primaria, iscrizione di formazione, programma
totale di transito e servizi finanziari del settore attraverso la banca della gente
della banca della Comunità e della Nigeria. Tuttavia, il fatto che l'incidenza di povertà
rimane molto alta, l'esistenza di vari programmi nonostante,
di punti ad inefficacia delle strategie e dei programmi. Un certo numero
di fattori hanno contribuito al guasto dei programmi e degli sforzi povertà-relativi
passati. Alcuni di loro sono:
(i) mancanza di ottimizzazione dei meccanismi come bersaglio per i poveri ed il fatto che la maggior parte
dei programmi non mettono a fuoco direttamente sui poveri.
(ii) L'instabilità di politica e politica ha provocato i frequenti cambiamenti di politica
e l'esecuzione contradditoria che a loro volta hanno impedito il progresso
continuo.
(iii) La coordinazione inadeguata di vari programmi ha provocato ogni
istituzione che effettua le relative proprie attività con duplicazione degli sforzi
risultante ed uso inefficiente delle risorse limitate. Le funzioni di sovrapposizione
infine hanno condotto a rivalità ed ai conflitti istituzionali.
(iv) I problemi di bilancio, dell'amministrazione e di controllo severi hanno afflitto
la maggior parte dei programmi, con conseguente facilità che non sono completate,
suddivise e non abbandonate, unstaffed e dotato.
(v) Mancanza di responsabilità e di acetato quindi che fanno i programmi
per servire da tubi del condotto per lo scarico delle risorse nazionali.
(vi) Portata sovraestesa delle attività della maggior parte delle istituzioni, con conseguente
risorse che sono sparse troppo sottilmente su troppe attività. Gli esempi sono
DFRRI e programmi migliori di vita che hanno riguardato quasi ogni settore
e coincisi con molti altri programmi attuali.
RASSEGNA ECONOMICA & FINANZIARIA DI CBN, VOLUME. N0 39. (vii)
mancanza riflettente di disegno inadeguato di programma 4 di partecipazione
dei beneficiari nella formulazione e di esecuzione dei programmi.
Di conseguenza, i beneficiari non sono stati motivati per identificarsi
sufficientemente con l'esecuzione riuscita dei programmi.
(viii) Assenza dell'obiettivo che si regola per i ministeri, le agenzie ed i programmi.
(IX) Assenza di collaborazione e di complementazione efficaci fra le tre
file del governo.
(x) Assenza dell'ordine del giorno accosentito di riduzione di povertà che può essere usata da tutto l'
interessato - il governo federale, dichiara i governi, enti pubblici territoriali
. NGOs e Comunità erogatrice internazionale.
(xi) La maggior parte dei programmi difettavano dei meccanismi per il loro sustainability.
La scatola programmi
di 1 alcuni governo relativi ai programmi
Multisectoral di povertà include: direzione nazionale di occupazione,
che consiste di quattro programmi principali: il programma di sviluppo professionale
di abilità, il programma speciale di lavori pubblici, il programma di imprese della piccola
scala ed il programma di occupazione di agricoltura; direzione
di alimento, delle strade e dell'infrastruttura rurale, che sostiene pricipalmente i progetti rurali
dell'infrastruttura; ed il programma migliore di vita, che sostiene un gran numero
di programmi ha designato alle donne, compresi l'agricoltura e servizi di divulgazione e assistenza tecnica,
formazione e formazione professionale, industrie di cottage e trasformazione dei prodotti alimentari, consegna
e chiarimento primario di sanità/consapevolezza e cooperative. L'ultimo
ora è sostituito dal programma di sostegno della Family.
RASSEGNA ECONOMICA & FINANZIARIA DI CBN, VOLUME. N0 39. 4
SCATOLA 1 CONTD.
I programmi del settore di agricoltura includono i programmi di sviluppo
di agricoltura; l'autorità nazionale di sviluppo del terreno agricolo,
il programma strategico delle riserve di grani. Il programma per produzione accelerata
del frumento, così come lo sviluppo dell'industria della pesca di artisanal, produzione debole
del ruminante, pascolo e riserve di pascolo. Questi programmi promuovono l'utilizzazione
delle risorse del suolo con sviluppo di terra sovvenzionato, rifornimento degli input dell'azienda agricola e
servizi ed estensione di accreditamento ai coltivatori e sostegno istituzionale le cooperative
di vendita dei prodotti.
I programmi del settore di salute includono lo schema primario di sanità, che
punta su fornire almeno un centro di salute in ogni ente pubblico territoriale; ed
il programma di estirpazione della Guinea-vite senza fine, lanciato in 1988 con assistenza delle agenzie
erogarici compreso il UNICEF, che sostiene gli interventi di salute per controllare
le malattie di diarrea, per sradicare la Guinea-vite senza fine e per promuovere i cambiamenti nella conoscenza,
atteggiamenti e pratiche per quanto riguarda uso dell'acqua, eliminazione degli escrementi e l'igiene generale.
L'efficacia del programma di PHC è stata impedita dallo stanziamento inadeguato
dal LGAs e dalla mancanza di apparecchiatura, droghe essenziali ed ha addestrato la forza di lavoro.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
REFERENCES
Abdullahi, M. Yahoo (1993) The Design and Management of poverty Alleviation
projects in Africa. Washington, D. C.: Economic Development Institute
of the World Bank.
Aliu, A. (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP):
Completion, Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring, NAPEP
Secretariat, Abuja, April.
Besley, Timothy (1996), “Political Economy of Alleviating Poverty: Theory and
Institutions”, in M. Bruno and B. Pleskovic (eds), proceedings of the
Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World
Bank Washington, D.C.
Central Bank of Nigeria, Research Department (1999) Nigeria’s development
Prospects: Poverty Assessment and Alleviation Study (Abuja: CBN).
Fajingbesi, A.A. and E.O. Uga (2001a), “Plans, Programmes and Poverty
Alleviation Strategies in Nigeria”, in Integration of poverty Alleviation
Strategies into plans and programmes in Nigeria, NCEMA, Ibadan.
FRN (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP): A Blueprint for
the Schemes, NAPEP Secretariat, Abuja, June.
NCEMA (1995), Integration of Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and
Programmes of Nigeria, Report of a National Workshop, Kaduna and
Ibadan, November – December.
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Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1995), “Community Action Programme
for Poverty Alleviation (CAPPA)”, Lagos.
Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1994), Government Policies and
Programmes to Reach the Poor”, Background paper to poverty
Assessment Studies (January).
Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Finance (2000)./ “Nigeria: CG Poverty Reduction
Paper”. Background paper for Consultative Group Meeting.
Obadan, M.I. (1996) “Analytical Framework for poverty Reduction: Issue of
Economic Growth Versus Other Strategies”, Proceedings of the 1996
Annual Conference of the Niger ia Economic Society (Ibadan: NES).
Obadan, M. I. (1996) “Poverty in Nigeria: Characteristics, Alleviation Strategies
and Programmes”, NCEMA Analysis Series, Vol. 2, No. 2.
Okowa, W.J. (1987), “Urban Bias in Nigerian Development Planning”, The
Nigeria Jour nal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 29 (1), March.
Okumadewa, F. (1996) “Nigeria: Poverty Reducing Growth Strategies and
Options”. Proceedings of the CBN/World Bank Collaborative Study
Workshop on “Nigeria: Prospects for Development”. (Abuja: CBN).
Olayemi, J.K. (1995), “A Survey of Approaches to Poverty Alleviation”. A
Paper Presented at the NCEMA National Workshop on Integration of
Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and Programmes in Nigeria,
Ibadan, Nov. 27 – Dec. I.
The Presidency (2001), “Communique and Syndicate Groups Reports of the first
Retreat for Executive Governors and State Coordinators of the National
Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)”, Abuja, June 22 – 24.
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Ukpong, S.J. (1996), “Putting People First: New Directions for Eradicating
Poverty”, A Paper Presented at the National Dialogue/Workshop on
Agenda for Sustainable Human Development in Nigeria, Organized by the UNDP
in port-Harcourt, 3-5 May.
World Bank (1996), Nigeria, Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The challenge of
Growth with Inclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank (1993), Poverty Reduction Handbook Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), Advancing Social Development. Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), “Distribution and Growth: Complements, Not
Compromises”. Policy Research Bulletin, vol. 6, No. 3 (May-July).
ARMUT REDUCTON IN NIGERIA, DIE WEISE VORWÄRTS
Automatically translated into German thanks to WorldLingo
ARMUT-VERRINGERUNG NIGERIAS: DIE WEISE SCHICKEN
1 NACH. EINLEITUNG, welche
die Beschreibung von Nigeria als Paradox durch die Weltbank (1996) fortgefahren ist
, durch Fälle und Beamtstatistiken im Land bestätigt zu werden. Das Paradox ist,
daß das Armutniveau in Nigeria die unermeßliche Fülle des Landes widerspricht.
Unter anderem wird das Land enorm mit menschlichem, landwirtschaftlichem
, Erdöl, Gas und große unangezapfte feste Mineralbetriebsmittel ausgestattet.
Besonders lästig daß ist das Land, das über-US$300 Milliarde von einem Hilfsmittel
erworben wird - Erdöl - während der letzten drei Dekaden des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Aber
anstatt Aufzeichnung retrogressed bemerkenswerter Fortschritt in der nationalen sozioökonomischen Entwicklung
, Nigeria, um eins der 25 armsten Länder an der Schwelle des einundzwanzigsten
Jahrhunderts zu werden, während sie zu den reichsten 50 im early-1970s gehörte.
Amtliche Statistiken stellen dar, daß das 1980 die nationale (durchschnittliche) Armut
ausdehnung 28.1 pro die Bevölkerung war. Die Verteilung der Ausdehnung über
den Zuständen der Vereinigung zeigte ein Maximum von 49.5 Prozent, die für Hochebene
notiert wurden (und Nassarawa, welches von der Hochebene besteuert wurde). Dies hieß, daß jeder
Zustand eine Armutausdehnung unterhalb 50 Prozente hatte. Bis zum 1985 war die (durchschnittliche)
Armutausdehnung des Staatsangehörigen zu 46.3 Prozent, mit dem Maximum von 68.9 Prozent gestiegen, die
in Bauchi notiert wurden (und in Gombe, das aus Bauchi heraus geschnitzt wurde). Wie bei 1996,
stand der nationale Durchschnitt bei 65.6 Prozent mit Sokoto, Kebbi und Zamfara (aller
Prof. Mike I. Obadan ist der Generaldirektor, die nationale Mitte für ökonomisches
Management und die Leitung (NCEMA), Ibadan.
CBN ÖKONOMISCHER U. FINANZIELLER BERICHT, VOL. N0 39. 4
alter Sokoto Zustand), der die häufigste Ausdehnung von 83.6 Prozent notiert; gefolgt
von Bauchi und von Gombe mit 83.5 Prozenten. Wie bei 2000, wurde die Ausdehnung der Armut
geglaubt, zu 70 Prozent auf dem nationalen Niveau gestiegen zu sein.
Die zunehmende Ausdehnung der Armut, innerhalb und unter der Positionen,
war trotz der verschiedenen Betriebsmittel und der Bemühungen, die auf Armut-in Verbindung stehenden Programmen
und Entwürfen im Land angewendet wurden und so vorschlug, daß die Programme und
die Entwürfe erfolglos und wirkungslos waren. Angesichts des anwesenden tiefen
Interesses der Regierung für die weitverbreitete und scourging Armut, wiederholt dieses Papier
die vorhergehenden und gegenwärtigen Initiativen an der Armuterleichterung/-verringerung Nigerias und
überprüft einige passende Ausgaben auf der Weise vorwärts. Dementsprechend überblicke des Abschnitts
2 etwas Armuterleichterung politische Richtlinien und Programme vor dem Aufkommen
der anwesenden Leitung, während Abschnitt 3 Höhepunkte der gegenwärtigen Armut
verkleinerung Bemühungen darstellt. Abschnitt 4 spricht einige passende Punkte auf der Weise
vorwärts an. Abschnitt 5 folgert das Papier.
II. ÜBERBLICK ÜBER VORHERGEHENDE ARMUT-ERLEICHTERUNG
PROGRAMME UND POLITISCHE RICHTLINIEN
II.1 Armut Erleichterung und nationale Entwicklung Pläne
Unit.l die Einweihung eines Armut-Erleichterung Programmentwicklung-
Ausschusses (PAPDC) durch die nigerische Regierung 1994, alle Bemühungen an der Armut
erleichterung waren im Wesentlichen ad hoc. Es war im Allgemeinen der Fall, den Armut
erleichterung Programme und Strategien nicht innerhalb der gesamten Zielsetzungen
Entwicklung der Nation kristallisiert und vereinigt wurden. Diese Ansicht wird aus einem CBN ÖKONOMISCHEN u. FINANZIELLEN BERICHT, Vol. heraus getragen. N0 39. Durchsicht 4 der verschiedenen nationale Entwicklung Pläne über Zeitraum 1962-85 und nationale Rollen-Pläne von 1990. Die bestimmte Bedeutung der nationalen
Entwicklung/des Rollens plant Scharniere auf der Tatsache, daß sie zur Verfügung stellten,/viel des Rahmens für die Verfolgung der Entwicklung Zielsetzungen seit der Erreichung der politischen
Unabhängigkeit 1960 zur Verfügung stellen. Es kann von den Plandokumenten beobachtet werden, die „das Primärziel des Wirtschaftsplans in Nigeria die Erreichung der schnellen Zunahme des Produktionspotentials der Nation angesichts des Verbesserns der lebenden Standards der Leute ist“. Diese Aussage schlägt etwas Interesse auf Armutverkleinerung vor, die verbesserten
Standard des Lebens zur Folge hat. Jedoch waren Armuterleichterung Zielsetzungen tangentiale und nicht ausdrückliche Zielsetzungen aller Pläne. Die Armut-in Verbindung stehenden Zielsetzungen während 1962-85 eingeschlossen:
(a) Zunahme per capita des Einkommens;
(b) gleichmäßigere Verteilung des Einkommens;
(c) Verringerung des Niveaus der Arbeitslosigkeit; und
(d) Zunahme des Versorgungsmaterials der hochqualifizierten menschlicher Arbeitskraft.
In einer in Verbindung stehenden Ader hatte der erste nationale Rollen-Plan unter anderem die Zielsetzungen von:
* Reichliche Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten als verursachen Mittel
des Enthaltens des Arbeitslosigkeit Problems; und
* das Niveau des socio-political Bewußtseins der Leute erhöhend und weiter, die Unterseite für eine market-oriented Wirtschaft verstärkend und die nachteilige Auswirkung der konjunkturelen Abflachung auf die betroffensten Gruppen abschwächend. CBN ÖKONOMISCHER U. FINANZIELLER BERICHT, VOL. N0 39. 4 obgleich nicht direkte Aussagen über Interesse auf Armuterleichterung, das vorangehende Implikationen für Armut haben. Z.B. wenn es eine Zunahme pro-capita des Einkommens, gleichzeitig mit gleichmäßigerer Verteilung des Einkommens gibt, würden so
zu Armutverkleinerung führen. Verringerung des Niveaus der Arbeitslosigkeit ist möglicherweise ein notwendiger Zustand für Realisierung des erhöhten Einkommens pro-capita. Die nähste
direkte Aussage über Interesse auf Armut wird im dritten Plan (FRN, 1975:29) enthalten:
… ist Entwicklung nicht nur eine Angelegenheit des Wachstums per capita im Einkommen. Es ist möglich
, eine hohe Wachstumsrate im Einkommen per capita zu notieren, während die Massen der Leute
fortfahren, in der abject Armut und im Ermangeln in den grundlegenden Notwendigkeiten des Lebens, besonders
in einer Situation als in Nigeria heute zu sein, wo das Momentum des Wachstums
von einem Sektor ableitet dessen direkte Auswirkung auf den Hauptteil der Bevölkerung klein ist.
Eine wichtige Zielsetzung des Planes ist folglich, den Nutzen der ökonomischen
Entwicklung zu verbreiten, also würde der Nigerianer eine markierte Verbesserung in
seinem Standard des Lebens erfahren.
Nichtsdestoweniger in der gleichen Ader wie Interesse auf Armuterleichterung war abgeleitet
und nicht waren eine direkte Zielsetzung, die Strategien im Plan nicht lucidly direkt und
ausdrücklich Besondere.
Im Allgemeinen zeigen die Prioritäten und die Strategien, die in praktisch allen Plänen
unter Hinweis ausgesprochen werden, daß landwirtschaftlicher Produktion immer die höchste Priorität
(FRN) übereingestimmt wurde (1990: 17); FRN (1981: 37); FRN (1970: 35) - obgleich, der
dritte Plan die gegenseitige Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft und der Industrie für ausgeglichenes
Wachstum hervorhob (FRN, 1975: 30). Sogar im strukturellen Abstimmungsprogramm
dokument, wurde Landwirtschaft einer der kritischen Sektoren betrachtet deren
CBN ÖKONOMISCHER u. FINANZIELLER BERICHT, Vol. N0 39. Rehabilitation
4 würde zum Erfolg des Programms (FRN, 1986:8) entscheidend sein.
Ein concomitance der landwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung oder sein apanage, ist landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung.
Gegen den Hintergrund, den den Armen preponderantly in den ländlichen Gebieten sitzen
und nehmen hauptsächlich an Landwirtschaft, die übereinstimmung der höchsten Priorität zur Landwirtschaft
in den Plandokumenten würde vorschlagen vorteilhafte Einteilung in Richtung zur Armut
erleichterung teil.
Vom vorangehenden konnten zwei eindeutige Annäherungen an Armuterleichterung
gesagt werden, in den Plänen und in der Planung nationale Entwicklung Nigerias vorstehend
gekennzeichnet zu haben. Diese sind die Wirtschaftswachstumstrategie, die des
Nutzens des Wachstums unten tröpfeln zu den Armen voraussetzt, und die Strategie der landwirtschaftlichen/landwirtschaftlichen
Entwicklung. In der Tat konnte landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung angesehen werden, wie seiend zentral
zu den Armut-Erleichterung Strategien Nigerias. Und die Mitte - Stück der landwirtschaftlichen
entwicklungspolitischen Linie ist die landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung gewesen, ergägenzt durch Sozial-
und wirtschaftliche Infrastruktur. Für eine lange Zeit jetzt, ist die Wachstumleistung
des Landes nicht, mit negativem Wachstum zur Hälfte erste der achtziger Jahre und
sehr des niedrigen Wachstums seit 1992 zufriedenstellend gewesen (ein Durchschnitt von 2.5 Prozent von 1992-
1999). Sogar in den Perioden des Wirtschaftswachstums, erfuhren Nigerianer nicht
beträchtliche oder angemessene Armutverkleinerung. 1985-1992 gab es eine
geringfügige Zunahme GDP und des per capita Einkommens, und es gab einen geringfügigen Tropfen
des gesamten Armut headcount Niveaus (von 46.3 Prozent to42.7), aber Verschiedenheit
worsene d und das Kern-schlechte teilte nicht im Wachstum, da die Tiefe und die Schwierigkeit
der Armut nicht erheblich verbesserten. Dieses schlägt die Notwendigkeit an einer Strategie
des Wachstums mit Billigkeit für Armutverkleinerung vor.
In der Summe im Rahmen der nationale Entwicklung Pläne, war
das implizite Denken, daß ein positives Verhältnis Wachstum in im GDP und CBN
ÖKONOMISCHEN u. FINANZIELLEN dem BERICHT bestand, Vol. N0 39. 4
erhöhte Wohlfahrt für die allgemeine Bürgerschaft. Und so, bezog die Annäherung an
Armuterleichterung, wie in den grundlegenden Zielsetzungen der Entwicklung Pläne
ausgedrückt worden nicht politische Richtlinien und Programme mit ein, die direkt die Armen zielten. Die
Armen wurden implizit erwartet, vom „Trickle - unten Bemühungen“ des gesamten
Prozesses der Entwicklung zu profitieren. Aber dieses ist nicht der Fall gewesen. Und so muß
Wachstum von einer überlegten Politik der gerichteten Interventionen begleitet werden.
Die Regierung II.2 Programme und Politik, die auf Armut angesichts
des Interesses der Regierung für Armutverkleinerung bezogen werden, zahlreiche
Politik und Programme sind auf einmal oder andere, wenn, um entworfen worden die
speziellen Bedürfnisse der Armen nicht zu erfüllen, sie mindestens zu erreichen. Das Aufkommen des
strukturellen Abstimmungsprogramms in1986 holte heraus stärker die Notwendigkeit
an den politischen Richtlinien und an den Programmen, Armut zu vermindern und Sicherheit Netze für die Armen
zur Verfügung zu stellen. Dieses Hauptgewicht entstand aus einem Bewußtsein der unbeabsichtigten negativen Effekte
der strukturellen Justagepolitik auf den verletzbaren Gruppen in der Gesellschaft. Während
strukturelle Justage seine heilbringenden Effekte auf Wirtschaftswachstum hatte, ermangelte es
Hauptgewicht auf Entwicklung und betonte auch sozioökonomische Probleme
Einkommenverschiedenheit, ungleichem Zugang zur Nahrung, Schutz, Ausbildung, Gesundheit und anderen
Notwendigkeiten des Lebens. Es in der Tat, verschlimmert der Ausdehnung der Armut unter MA ny
verletzbaren Gruppen in der Gesellschaft.
Resultierend aus der ununterbrochenen Verschlechterung der lebenden Bedingungen Ende
der achtziger Jahre, kamen einige Armuterleichterung Programme an Bord. Sie waren
entworfen, um sich auf die Armen positiv auszuwirken. Ende 1998 gab es sechzehn
Armuterleichterung Anstalten im Land. 1994 stellte die Regierung einen
broad-based Armut-Erleichterung Programmentwicklung-Ausschuß (PAPDC)
unter dem Schutz von die Schirmherrschaft der nationalen Planung Kommission auf. Das Primär-
CBN ÖKONOMISCHER u. FINANZIELLER BERICHT, Vol. N0 39. Zielsetzung
4 des PAPDC war, der Regierung auf dem Design, der Korrdination und
der Implementierung der Armuterleichterung Programme zu raten. Seine Arbeit trug
unermeßlich zum Hervortreten einer neuen Annäherung zum Design und zur Organisation
der Armuterleichterung Programme bei, die in der Einrichtung 1996 des Gemeinschafts
tätigkeit Programms für Armut-Erleichterung (CAPPA) kulminieren. CAPPA ist eine
Gemeinschaft gegründete Annäherung, die eine Kombination der Sozialkapital und der Sozialtätigkeit
Strategie annimmt. Das CAPPA Dokument zeichnete groß von der letzten Erfahrung auf
Armutverkleinerung Bemühungen im Land und Versuchen, sicherzugehen, daß die Armen nicht nur
entlang im Design und in der Implementierung der Armutprojekte getragen werden, die
sie beeinflussen, aber die die Armen selbst wirklich die Armutprojekte formulieren
und handhaben. Die verschiedenen Agenturen (Regierung, Spender und nichtstaatliche Organisationen) mit einbezogen in
Armuterleichterung im Land haben die CAPPA Strategie umfaßt. Auch
1996, wurde ein Entwurf nationales Armut-Erleichterung Politikdokument durch die Regierung
durch die nationale Planung Kommission produziert. Sein Schub ist die
Verbesserung in der menschlichen Wohlfahrt in der sofortigen und entfernten Zukunft.
Spezifisch haben eine Anzahl von den Regierung Programmen, die in der Vergangenheit eingeleitet werden
, angestrebt, Grunddienste, Infrastruktur und die Unterbringung von Service für die
landwirtschaftliche und städtische Bevölkerung, das Verlängern des Zuganges zu den Gutschriftbauernhofeingängen und das Verursachen
von Beschäftigung zu verbessern. Die meisten Programmen wurden jedoch nicht spezifisch
in Richtung zu den Armen gezielt, obwohl sie sie beeinflussen. Es gibt spezifische Mehrkanal
programme (Wasser und Hygiene, Klima, usw.) sowie sectorspecific
Programme in der Landwirtschaft, in der Gesundheit, in der Ausbildung, im Transport, im Gehäuse, in der Finanzierung,
in der Industrie/in der Herstellung und in der Nahrung. (Kasten I enthält einige Regierung
Programme, die auf Armut bezogen werden). Einige Ausführungen sind durch diese Armutrelation
Programme in den Bereichen der Nahrungsmittelgetreideproduktion, landwirtschaftliches CBN
DES ÖKONOMISCHEN u. FINANZIELLEN BERICHTS, Vol. notiert worden. N0 39. 4
und industrielle Verlängerung Services, Primärgesundheitspflege, Ausbildung Einschreibung, Massen
durchfahrtprogramm und finanzielle Sektorservices durch die Bank der Leute
von Nigeria und von lokalen Kreditinstituten. Jedoch die Tatsache, daß die Ausdehnung
der Armut sehr bleibt hoch, das Bestehen der verschiedenen Programme ungeachtet,
der Punkte zur Wirkungslosigkeit der Strategien und der Programme. Eine Anzahl von
Faktoren haben zum Ausfall der letzten Armut-in Verbindung stehenden Programme und der Bemühungen
beigetragen. Einige von ihnen sind:
(i) Mangel am Zielen der Einheiten für die Armen und die Tatsache, die die meisten
Programmen nicht direkt auf die Armen richten.
(ii) Politische und Politikinstabilität haben häufige Politikänderungen und
inkonsequente Implementierung ergeben, die der Reihe nach ununterbrochenen Fortschritt verhindert
haben.
(iii) Unzulängliche Korrdination der verschiedenen Programme hat jede Anstalt
ergeben, die seine eigenen Tätigkeiten mit resultierender Verdopplung der Bemühung
und wirkungslosem Gebrauch von begrenzten Betriebsmitteln durchführt. Deckenfunktionen
führten schließlich zu Institutionsrivalität und Konflikte.
(iv) Strenge haushaltsmäßige, Management- und Regierungsgewaltprobleme haben die meisten
Programmen, mit dem Ergebnis des Service nicht durchführend, unten
gebrochen und verlassen betrübt, unstaffed und ausrüsteten sich.
(V) Mangel an der Verantwortlichkeit und Transparent, welche dadurch die Programme
als Rohrrohre für die Trockenlegung der nationalen Betriebsmittel dienen lassen.
(vi) Übernommener Bereich von Tätigkeiten der meisten Anstalten, mit dem Ergebnis
der Betriebsmittel zu, die dünn auf zu vielen Tätigkeiten verbreitet werden. Beispiele sind
DFRRI und bessere Leben-Programme, mit die fast jeden Sektor umfaßten
und mit vielen anderen vorhandenen Programmen decken.
CBN ÖKONOMISCHER U. FINANZIELLER BERICHT, VOL. N0 39. (vii)
reflektierender Mangel des nicht angebrachten Designs des Programms 4 an Miteinbeziehung
der Begünstigter in der Formulierung und Implementierung von Programmen.
Infolgedessen wurden Begünstigte nicht motiviert, um sich mit
der erfolgreichen Implementierung der Programme genug zu kennzeichnen.
(viii) Fehlen Ziel einstellend für Ministerien, Agenturen und Programme.
(Ix) Fehlen wirkungsvoller Zusammenarbeit und Komplementierung unter den drei
Reihen der Regierung.
(X) Fehlen vereinbarter Armutverkleinerung Tagesordnung, das durch alles beteiligte verwendet werden
kann - Bundesregierung, Zustand-Regierungen, lokale
Regierungen. Nichtstaatliche Organisationen und die internationale Spendergemeinschaft.
(XI) Die meisten Programmen ermangelten Einheiten für ihr sustainability.
Kasten 1
einige Regierung Programme, die auf Armut-Multisectoral
Programmen bezogen werden, schließen ein: das nationale Direktorat der Beschäftigung,
die aus vier Hauptprogrammen besteht: das berufliche Fähigkeiten
Entwicklungsprogramm, das spezielle Arbeiten-Programm, das Kleinunternehmen-
Programm und das Landwirtschaft Beschäftigung-Programm; das Direktorat
der Nahrung, der Straßen und der landwirtschaftlichen Infrastrukturs, die hauptsächlich landwirtschaftliche Infrastrukturprojekte
stützt; und das bessere Leben-Programm, das eine Menge Programme
stützt, zielte an den Frauen, einschließlich Landwirtschaft und Verlängerung Dienstleistungen,
Ausbildung und Berufsausbildung, Häuschenindustrien und die Nahrungsmittelverarbeitung, Primär
gesundheitspflegeanlieferung und -aufklärung/Bewußtsein und Mitwirkende. Das Letzte wird
jetzt durch Family Hilfsprogramm ersetzt.
CBN ÖKONOMISCHER U. FINANZIELLER BERICHT, VOL. N0 39. 4
KASTEN 1 CONTD.
Landwirtschaft Sektor-Programme schließen die Landwirtschaft
Entwicklungsprogramme ein; die nationale Ackerland-Entwicklung Berechtigung, das
strategische Körner Reserve-Programm. Das Programm für beschleunigte Weizen-
Produktion, sowie die Entwicklung der artisanal Fischerei, kleine Wiederkäuer
produktion, Weide und weiden lassen Reserven. Diese Programme fördern Anwendung
der Landbetriebsmittel durch subventionierte Landentwicklung, Versorgungsmaterial Bauernhofeingänge und
Dienstleistungen und Gutschriftverlängerung zu den Landwirten und Institutionsunterstützung für Erzeugnis
marketing-Mitwirkende.
Gesundheit Sektor-Programme schließen den Primärgesundheitspflege-Entwurf ein, der
anstrebt, mindestens eine Gesundheit Mitte in jeder lokalen Regierung zur Verfügung zu stellen; und das
Guine-Endlosschraube Entwurzelung-Programm, ausgestoßen 1988 mit Unterstützung der Spender
agenturen einschließlich UNICEF, der Gesundheit Interventionen stützt, um Diarrhöe
krankheiten zu steuern, Guineendlosschraube auszurotten und änderungen im Wissen, Haltung
und Praxis in bezug auf Wassergebrauch zu fördern, Ausscheidungsstoffebeseitigung und allgemeine Hygiene.
Die Wirksamkeit des PHC Programms wurde durch die unzulängliche Finanzierung
vom LGAs und Mangel an Ausrüstung, wesentliche Drogen gehemmt und menschliche Arbeitskraft ausbildete.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
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Aliu, A. (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP):
Completion, Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring, NAPEP
Secretariat, Abuja, April.
Besley, Timothy (1996), “Political Economy of Alleviating Poverty: Theory and
Institutions”, in M. Bruno and B. Pleskovic (eds), proceedings of the
Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World
Bank Washington, D.C.
Central Bank of Nigeria, Research Department (1999) Nigeria’s development
Prospects: Poverty Assessment and Alleviation Study (Abuja: CBN).
Fajingbesi, A.A. and E.O. Uga (2001a), “Plans, Programmes and Poverty
Alleviation Strategies in Nigeria”, in Integration of poverty Alleviation
Strategies into plans and programmes in Nigeria, NCEMA, Ibadan.
FRN (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP): A Blueprint for
the Schemes, NAPEP Secretariat, Abuja, June.
NCEMA (1995), Integration of Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and
Programmes of Nigeria, Report of a National Workshop, Kaduna and
Ibadan, November – December.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1995), “Community Action Programme
for Poverty Alleviation (CAPPA)”, Lagos.
Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1994), Government Policies and
Programmes to Reach the Poor”, Background paper to poverty
Assessment Studies (January).
Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Finance (2000)./ “Nigeria: CG Poverty Reduction
Paper”. Background paper for Consultative Group Meeting.
Obadan, M.I. (1996) “Analytical Framework for poverty Reduction: Issue of
Economic Growth Versus Other Strategies”, Proceedings of the 1996
Annual Conference of the Niger ia Economic Society (Ibadan: NES).
Obadan, M. I. (1996) “Poverty in Nigeria: Characteristics, Alleviation Strategies
and Programmes”, NCEMA Analysis Series, Vol. 2, No. 2.
Okowa, W.J. (1987), “Urban Bias in Nigerian Development Planning”, The
Nigeria Jour nal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 29 (1), March.
Okumadewa, F. (1996) “Nigeria: Poverty Reducing Growth Strategies and
Options”. Proceedings of the CBN/World Bank Collaborative Study
Workshop on “Nigeria: Prospects for Development”. (Abuja: CBN).
Olayemi, J.K. (1995), “A Survey of Approaches to Poverty Alleviation”. A
Paper Presented at the NCEMA National Workshop on Integration of
Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and Programmes in Nigeria,
Ibadan, Nov. 27 – Dec. I.
The Presidency (2001), “Communique and Syndicate Groups Reports of the first
Retreat for Executive Governors and State Coordinators of the National
Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)”, Abuja, June 22 – 24.
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Ukpong, S.J. (1996), “Putting People First: New Directions for Eradicating
Poverty”, A Paper Presented at the National Dialogue/Workshop on
Agenda for Sustainable Human Development in Nigeria, Organized by the UNDP
in port-Harcourt, 3-5 May.
World Bank (1996), Nigeria, Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The challenge of
Growth with Inclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank (1993), Poverty Reduction Handbook Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), Advancing Social Development. Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), “Distribution and Growth: Complements, Not
Compromises”. Policy Research Bulletin, vol. 6, No. 3 (May-July).
POBREZA REDUCTON EM NIGÉRIA, A MANEIRA PARA A FRENTE
Automatically translated into Portuguese thanks to WorldLingo
REDUÇÃO DA POBREZA EM NIGÉRIA: A MANEIRA ENVÍA
1. INTRODUÇÃO que
a descrição de Nigéria como um paradox pelo banco de mundo (1996) continuou
a ser confirmada por eventos e por statistics do oficial no país. O paradox é
que o nível de pobreza em Nigéria contradicts a riqueza immense do país.
Entre outras coisas, o país é dotado enormemente com humano,
o agricultural, petróleo, gás, e recursos minerais contínuos untapped grandes.
Particularmente worrisome é que o país ganho US$300 excedente bilhão de um
recurso - petróleo - durante as últimas três décadas do vigésimo século. Mas
melhor que progresso notável do registro em socio nacional - o desenvolvimento econômico,
Nigéria retrogressed para transformar-se um dos 25 países os mais pobres no ponto inicial
do twenty-first século visto que era entre os 50 os mais ricos no early-1970s.
Os statistics oficiais mostram que isso em 1980 a incidência (média) nacional
da pobreza era 28.1 por da população. A distribuição da incidência através
dos estados do federation mostrou um máximo de 49.5 por cento gravados para
o platô (e o Nassarawa qual excised do platô). Isto significou que cada
estado teve uma incidência da pobreza abaixo de 50 por o centavo Por 1985, a incidência (média)
da pobreza do nacional tinha-se levantado a 46.3 por cento, com o máximo de 68.9 por cento
gravados em Bauchi (e em Gombe que carved fora de Bauchi). Como em 1996,
a média nacional estêve em 65.6 por cento com Sokoto, Kebbi e Zamfara (todo o
Prof. Microfone I. Obadan é o director-geral, o centro nacional para a gerência
econômica e a administração (NCEMA), Ibadan.
REVISÃO ECONÔMICA & FINANCEIRA DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. estado
velho de 4 Sokoto) que grava a incidência a mais elevada de 83.6 por cento; seguido
por Bauchi e por Gombe com os 83.5 por o centavo Como em 2000, a incidência da pobreza
foi acreditada para ter-se levantado a 70 por cento no nível nacional.
A incidência crescente da pobreza, dentro e entre das posições,
era apesar dos vários recursos e dos esforços exercidos em programas
e em esquemas pobreza-relacionados no país, assim sugerindo que os programas e
os esquemas eram ineficazes e ineffectual. Na luz do interesse profundo
do governo atual para a pobreza difundida e scourging, este papel revê
iniciativas precedentes e atuais no alleviation/redução da pobreza em Nigéria, e
examina algumas edições pertinentes na maneira para a frente. Conformemente, vistas gerais da seção
2 algumas políticas do alleviation da pobreza e programas antes do advent
da administração atual quando a seção 3 apresentar destaques de esforços
atuais da redução da pobreza. A seção 4 dirige-se a algumas edições pertinentes na maneira
para a frente. A seção 5 concli o papel.
II. A VISTA GERAL as plantas Unit.l do Alleviation
da pobreza PRECEDENTE dos PROGRAMAS
E das POLÍTICAS II.1 do ALLEVIATION da POBREZA e de desenvolvimento
nacional o inauguration de um comitê de desenvolvimento do programa do Alleviation
da pobreza (PAPDC) pelo governo Nigerian em 1994, todos os esforços no alleviation
da pobreza era essencialmente ad hoc. Era geralmente o caso que os programas
e as estratégias do alleviation da pobreza não foram cristalizados e não foram consolidados
dentro dos objetivos totais do desenvolvimento da nação. Esta vista é carregada fora de uma REVISÃO ECONÔMICA & FINANCEIRA de CBN, VOL. N0 39. perusal 4 das várias plantas de desenvolvimento nacional sobre o período 1962-85, e plantas nacionais do Rolling de 1990. O significado particular do desenvolvimento
nacional/Rolling planeia as dobradiças no fato que forneceram/fornecem muita da estrutura para a perseguição de objetivos do desenvolvimento desde a realização
da independência política em 1960. Pode-se observar dos originais da planta que “o objetivo preliminar do planeamento econômico em Nigéria é a realização do aumento rápido na capacidade produtiva da nação com uma vista a melhorar os padrões vivos dos povos”. Esta indicação sugere algum interesse com redução da pobreza que envolve
o padrão melhorado de viver. Entretanto, os objetivos do alleviation da pobreza eram objetivos tangential e nao explícitos de todas as plantas. Os objetivos pobreza-relacionados durante 1962-85 incluído:
(a) aumente per capita na renda;
(b) distribuição de renda mais uniforme;
redução (c) no nível do desemprego; e
aumento (d) na fonte da elevação - manpower nivelado.
Em uma veia relacionada, a primeira planta nacional do Rolling teve, entre outras coisas, os objetivos de:
* Criando oportunidades de emprego amplas como meios
de conter o problema do desemprego; e
* realçando o nível da consciência socio-political dos povos e mais adicional strengthening a base para uma economia market-oriented e mitigating o impacto adverso do down-turn econômico nos grupos os mais afetados. REVISÃO ECONÔMICA & FINANCEIRA DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. 4 embora as indicações nao diretas do interesse com alleviation da pobreza, o antecedente tenham implicações para a pobreza. Por exemplo, se houvesse um aumento por-capita na renda, simultaneamente com distribuição de renda mais uniforme, tais
conduziriam à redução da pobreza. A redução no nível do desemprego é concebìvelmente uma condição necessária para o realization da renda aumentada por-capita. A indicação
direta a mais próxima do interesse com pobreza é contida na terceira planta (FRN, 1975:29):
… o desenvolvimento não é apenas uma matéria do crescimento per capita na renda. É possível
gravar per capita uma taxa de crescimento elevada na renda quando as massas dos povos
continuarem a estar na pobreza abject e em faltar nas necessidades básicas da vida,
particularmente em uma situação como em Nigéria hoje, onde o momentum do crescimento
se deriva de um setor cujo o impacto direto no volume da população seja pequeno.
Um objetivo importante da planta, é conseqüentemente espalhar os benefícios
do desenvolvimento econômico assim que o Nigerian experimentaria uma melhoria marcada
em seu padrão de viver.
Nonetheless, na mesma veia que o interesse com alleviation da pobreza estava derivado
e não um objetivo direto, as estratégias na planta não era lucidly direto e
explicitamente específico.
Geralmente, as prioridades e as estratégias enunciated em virtualmente todas as plantas
sob a referência mostram que a produção agricultural estêve concordada sempre
a prioridade a mais elevada (FRN) (1990: 17); FRN (1981: 37); FRN (1970: 35) - embora,
a terceira planta emfatizou o desenvolvimento mútuo da agricultura e da indústria para
crescimento equilibrado (FRN, 1975: 30). Mesmo no original estrutural do programa
de ajuste, a agricultura foi considerada um dos setores críticos a REVISÃO
ECONÔMICA & FINANCEIRA cujo de CBN, VOL. N0 39. a reabilitação
4 seria crucial ao sucesso do programa (FRN, 1986:8).
Um concomitance do desenvolvimento agricultural, ou seu apanage, são desenvolvimento rural.
De encontro ao fundo que os pobres são ficados situado preponderantly em áreas rurais,
e são acoplados principalmente na agricultura, o acordo da prioridade a mais elevada à agricultura
nos originais da planta sugeriria a disposição favorável para o alleviation
da pobreza.
Do antecedente, duas aproximações distintas ao alleviation da pobreza podiam
ser ditas ter caracterizado proeminente em plantas e em planeamento de desenvolvimento nacional
de Nigéria. Estas são a estratégia do crescimento econômico que presume trickling
para baixo dos benefícios do crescimento aos pobres, e a estratégia desenvolvimento rural/
agricultural. Certamente, o desenvolvimento rural podia ser visto como sendo central
às estratégias do alleviation da pobreza de Nigéria. E o centro - a parte da política
de desenvolvimento rural foi desenvolvimento agricultural, complementado pelo infrastructure
social e econômico. Por muito tempo agora, o desempenho do crescimento
do país não foi satisfatório, com crescimento negativo ao primeiro meio
dos 1980s e dos crescimentos muito baixos desde 1992 (uma média de 2.5 por cento de 1992-
1999). Mesmo nos períodos do crescimento econômico, os Nigerians não experimentaram
a redução considerável ou proporcional da pobreza. Em 1985-1992, havia
um aumento ligeiro no GDP e per capita na renda, e havia uma gota ligeira
no nível agregado do headcount da pobreza (de 46.3 por cento to42.7), mas o worsene
d do desigualdade e o núcleo-pobre não compartilhou no crescimento porque a profundidade e a severidade
da pobreza não melhoraram significativamente. Isto sugere a necessidade para uma estratégia
do crescimento com equidade para a redução da pobreza.
Na soma, dentro da estrutura das plantas de desenvolvimento nacional,
pensar implícito era que um relacionamento positivo existiu crescimento no GDP e
na REVISÃO ECONÔMICA & FINANCEIRA de CBN, VOL. N0 39. bem-estar
aumentado 4 para o citizenry geral. E assim, a aproximação ao alleviation
da pobreza como expressado nos objetivos fundamentais das plantas de desenvolvimento
não envolveu as políticas e os programas que alvejaram diretamente os pobres.
Os pobres esperaram-se implicitamente beneficiar-se do “trickle - para baixo esforços”
do processo total do desenvolvimento. Mas este não foi o caso. E assim o crescimento
deve ser acompanhado por uma política deliberada de intervenções alvejadas.
Os programas do governo II.2 e as políticas relacionados à pobreza
na luz do interesse do governo para a redução da pobreza, as políticas
numerosas e os programas foram projetados em uma vez ou em outra, se
não se encontrar com as necessidades especiais dos pobres, pelo menos alcançá-los. O advent
do programa de ajuste estrutural in1986 trouxe para fora mais forcefully a necessidade
para políticas e programas aliviar a pobreza e fornecer redes de segurança para
os pobres. Esta ênfase levantou-se de uma consciência dos efeitos negativos unintended
de políticas estruturais do ajuste nos grupos vulneráveis na sociedade. Quando
o ajuste estrutural teve seus efeitos salutary no crescimento econômico, faltou
a ênfase no desenvolvimento e accentuated também problemas socio-economic
do desigualdade da renda, do acesso desigual ao alimento, do abrigo, da instrução, da saúde e das outras
necessidades da vida. Ele certamente, aggravated a incidência da pobreza entre grupos vulneráveis
ny do miliampère na sociedade.
Em conseqüência da deterioração contínua de condições vivas nos 1980s
atrasados, diversos programas do alleviation da pobreza vieram na placa.
Foram projetados impactar positivamente nos pobres. Para o fim de 1998, havia dezesseis
instituições do alleviation da pobreza no país. Em 1994, o governo ajustou acima
um comitê de desenvolvimento broad-based do programa do Alleviation da pobreza (PAPDC)
sob o aegis do aegis do Commission nacional do planeamento. REVISÃO ECONÔMICA
& FINANCEIRA Do CBN preliminar, VOL. N0 39. o objetivo
4 do PAPDC era recomendar o governo no projeto, na coordenação
e na execução de programas do alleviation da pobreza. Seu trabalho contribuiu
immensely ao emergence de uma aproximação nova ao projeto e à organização
dos programas do alleviation da pobreza que culminam no estabelecimento em 1996
do programa de ação da comunidade para o Alleviation da pobreza (CAPPA). CAPPA é
uma aproximação baseada comunidade que adote uma combinação de fundos sociais e da estratégia
social da ação. O original de CAPPA extraiu pela maior parte da experiência passada
em esforços da redução da pobreza no país e em tentativas assegurar-se de que os pobres
estivessem carregados não somente longitudinalmente no projeto e na execução dos projetos da pobreza que
os afetam mas que os pobres eles mesmos realmente formulam e controlam
os projetos da pobreza. As várias agências (governo, doadores e NGOs) envolvidas
no alleviation da pobreza no país embraced a estratégia de CAPPA. Também,
em 1996, um original nacional da política do Alleviation da pobreza do esboço foi produzido
pelo governo através do Commission nacional do planeamento. Sua pressão é
a melhoria no bem-estar humano no futuro imediato e distante.
Especificamente, um número de programas do governo iniciados no passado,
visaram melhorar serviços básicos, infrastructure e abrigar facilidades para
a população rural e urbana, estender o acesso às entradas da fazenda do crédito, e
criar o emprego. A maioria dos programas, entretanto, foram alvejados
não especificamente para os pobres, embora os afetam. Há uns programas multisector
específicos (água e sanitation, ambiente, etc.) as well as programas
sectorspecific na agricultura, na saúde, na instrução, no transporte, na carcaça, nas finanças,
na indústria/manufacturing e no nutrition. (A caixa I contem alguns programas
do governo relacionados à pobreza). Algumas realizações foram gravadas por estes
programas da pobreza-relação nas áreas da produção de colheita do alimento, da REVISÃO
ECONÔMICA & FINANCEIRA de CBN agricultural, VOL. N0 39. 4
e serviços de extensão industriais, cuidado de saúde preliminar, enrolment da instrução, programa
maciço do trânsito e serviços financeiros do setor através do banco do pessoa
de Nigéria e de bancos de comunidade. Entretanto, o fato que a incidência da pobreza
remanesce muito elevada, a existência dos vários programas notwithstanding,
de pontos ao ineffectiveness das estratégias e de programas. Um número
de fatores contribuíram à falha de programas e de esforços pobreza-relacionados
passados. Alguns deles são:
falta (i) de alvejar mecanismos para os pobres e o fato que a maioria
dos programas não focalizam diretamente nos pobres.
(ii) A instabilidade política e da política resultou nas mudanças de política freqüentes
e na execução inconsistent que por sua vez impediram o progresso
contínuo.
(iii) A coordenação inadequada dos vários programas resultou em cada
instituição que realiza suas próprias atividades com duplicação de esforço
resultante e uso inefficient de recursos limitados. As funções sobrepondo
conduziram finalmente ao rivalry e aos conflitos institutional.
(iv) Os problemas severos budgetary, da gerência e do governance afflicted
a maioria dos programas, tendo por resultado as facilidades que não estão sendo terminadas,
quebradas para baixo e não abandonadas, unstaffed e equiparam-se.
(v) Falta do accountability e da transparência que fazem desse modo os programas
para servir como as tubulações da canalização para drenar recursos nacionais.
(vi) Espaço Overextended das atividades de a maioria de instituições, tendo por resultado
os recursos que estão sendo espalhados demasiado fina em atividades demais. Os exemplos são
DFRRI e os programas melhores da vida que cobriram quase cada setor
e sobrepõems com muitos outros programas existentes.
REVISÃO ECONÔMICA & FINANCEIRA DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. (
vii) falta refletindo do projeto impróprio do programa 4 da participação
dos beneficiários na formulação e da execução dos programas.
Conseqüentemente, os beneficiários não motivated para identificar-se suficientemente
com a execução bem sucedida dos programas.
(viii) Ausência do alvo que ajusta-se para Ministries, agências e programas.
(ix) Ausência da colaboração e da complementação eficazes entre os três
tiers do governo.
(x) Ausência da agenda concordada da redução da pobreza que pode ser usada por todo o
interessado - governo federal, governos do estado, governos
locais. NGOs, e a comunidade fornecedora internacional.
(xi) A maioria dos programas faltaram mecanismos para seu sustainability.
A caixa programas
de 1 alguns governo relacionados aos programas
Multisectoral da pobreza inclui: o Directorate nacional do emprego,
que consiste em quatro programas principais: o programa de desenvolvimento vocacional
das habilidades, o programa de trabalhos públicos especial, o programa das empresas da escala
pequena, e o programa do emprego da agricultura; o Directorate
do alimento, das estradas e do Infrastructure rural, que suporta principalmente projetos rurais
do infrastructure; e o programa melhor da vida, que suporta um multitude
dos programas alvejou em mulheres, including serviços da agricultura e de extensão,
instrução e o treinamento vocacional, as indústrias de casa de campo e processar de alimento, entrega
e enlightenment preliminar do cuidado de saúde/consciência e cooperatives. O último
é substituído agora pelo programa de sustentação de Família.
REVISÃO ECONÔMICA & FINANCEIRA DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. 4
CAIXA 1 CONTD.
Os programas do setor da agricultura incluem os programas de desenvolvimento
da agricultura; a autoridade nacional do desenvolvimento de terra agricultural,
o programa estratégico das reservas de grões. O programa para a produção acelerada
do trigo, as well as o desenvolvimento do fishery do artisanal, a produção pequena
do ruminante, pasto e reservas pastar. Estes programas promovem a utilização
de recursos de terra com o desenvolvimento de terra subsidized, a fonte de entradas da fazenda e
serviços e extensão do crédito aos fazendeiros, e sustentação institutional para cooperatives
do marketing do produto.
Os programas do setor da saúde incluem o esquema preliminar do cuidado de saúde, que
visa fornecer pelo menos um centro da saúde em cada governo local; e
o programa do Eradication do Guinea-sem-fim, lançado em 1988 com auxílio das agências
fornecedoras including a UNICEF, que suporta intervenções da saúde para controlar
doenças do diarrhea, para eradicate o guinea-sem-fim, e para promover mudanças no conhecimento,
as atitudes e as práticas se relacionando ao uso da água, a eliminação dos excreta e higiene geral.
A eficácia do programa de PHC hampered financiar inadequado
do LGAs, e pela falta do equipamento, drogas essenciais, e treinou o manpower.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
REFERENCES
Abdullahi, M. Yahoo (1993) The Design and Management of poverty Alleviation
projects in Africa. Washington, D. C.: Economic Development Institute
of the World Bank.
Aliu, A. (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP):
Completion, Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring, NAPEP
Secretariat, Abuja, April.
Besley, Timothy (1996), “Political Economy of Alleviating Poverty: Theory and
Institutions”, in M. Bruno and B. Pleskovic (eds), proceedings of the
Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World
Bank Washington, D.C.
Central Bank of Nigeria, Research Department (1999) Nigeria’s development
Prospects: Poverty Assessment and Alleviation Study (Abuja: CBN).
Fajingbesi, A.A. and E.O. Uga (2001a), “Plans, Programmes and Poverty
Alleviation Strategies in Nigeria”, in Integration of poverty Alleviation
Strategies into plans and programmes in Nigeria, NCEMA, Ibadan.
FRN (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP): A Blueprint for
the Schemes, NAPEP Secretariat, Abuja, June.
NCEMA (1995), Integration of Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and
Programmes of Nigeria, Report of a National Workshop, Kaduna and
Ibadan, November – December.
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Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1995), “Community Action Programme
for Poverty Alleviation (CAPPA)”, Lagos.
Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1994), Government Policies and
Programmes to Reach the Poor”, Background paper to poverty
Assessment Studies (January).
Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Finance (2000)./ “Nigeria: CG Poverty Reduction
Paper”. Background paper for Consultative Group Meeting.
Obadan, M.I. (1996) “Analytical Framework for poverty Reduction: Issue of
Economic Growth Versus Other Strategies”, Proceedings of the 1996
Annual Conference of the Niger ia Economic Society (Ibadan: NES).
Obadan, M. I. (1996) “Poverty in Nigeria: Characteristics, Alleviation Strategies
and Programmes”, NCEMA Analysis Series, Vol. 2, No. 2.
Okowa, W.J. (1987), “Urban Bias in Nigerian Development Planning”, The
Nigeria Jour nal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 29 (1), March.
Okumadewa, F. (1996) “Nigeria: Poverty Reducing Growth Strategies and
Options”. Proceedings of the CBN/World Bank Collaborative Study
Workshop on “Nigeria: Prospects for Development”. (Abuja: CBN).
Olayemi, J.K. (1995), “A Survey of Approaches to Poverty Alleviation”. A
Paper Presented at the NCEMA National Workshop on Integration of
Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and Programmes in Nigeria,
Ibadan, Nov. 27 – Dec. I.
The Presidency (2001), “Communique and Syndicate Groups Reports of the first
Retreat for Executive Governors and State Coordinators of the National
Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)”, Abuja, June 22 – 24.
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Ukpong, S.J. (1996), “Putting People First: New Directions for Eradicating
Poverty”, A Paper Presented at the National Dialogue/Workshop on
Agenda for Sustainable Human Development in Nigeria, Organized by the UNDP
in port-Harcourt, 3-5 May.
World Bank (1996), Nigeria, Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The challenge of
Growth with Inclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
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Compromises”. Policy Research Bulletin, vol. 6, No. 3 (May-July).
ARMOD REDUCTON I NIGERIA, EFTERSÄNDER LÅNGT
Automatically translated into Swedish thanks to WorldLingo
ARMODFÖRMINSKNING I NIGERIA: EFTERSÄND LÅNGT
1. INLEDNING som
beskrivningen av Nigeria som en bryderi vid världsbankenen (1996) har fortsatt
för att bekräftas av händelser och officiell statistik i landet. Bryderit är
att armodet som är jämnt i Nigeria säger emott landets enorma rikedom.
Bland annat begåvas gasar landet oerhört med människan som
är jordbruks-, olja, och stora outnyttjade fasta mineraliska resurser.
Bestämt worrisome är att landet som tjänas över miljarden US$300 från en
resurs - olja - under de sist tre årtiondena av det tjugonde århundradet. Men
i stället för retrogressed anmärkningsvärt framsteg för rekordet i samhällsekonomisk utveckling för medborgare
, Nigeria för att bli ett av de 25 mest fattiga länderna på ingången av
det twenty-first århundradet, eftersom hon var bland de rikaste 50na i earlyen-1970s.
Den officiella statistiken visar att i 1980 den genomsnittliga) armodförekomsten för medborgare
(var 28.1 per av befolkningen. Fördelningen av förekomsten över
påstår av federationen visade ett maximum av 49.5 procent som antecknas för
platå (och Nassarawa vilket beskattades från platå). Detta betydde att varje
statligt hade en armodförekomst nedanföra 50 per cent Vid 1985 hade den genomsnittliga) armod
förekomsten för medborgare (uppstiget till 46.3 procent, med maximat av 68.9 antecknade
procent i Bauchi (och Gombe som sneds ut ur Bauchi). Som på 1996,
medborgaregenomsnittet som stås på 65.6 procent med Sokoto, Kebbi och Zamfara (all
Prof. Mikrofon I. Obadan är generaldirektören, medborgare centrerar för ekonomisk
ledning och administrationen (NCEMA), Ibadan.
FINANSIELLA CBN SOM ÄR EKONOMISKA &, GRANSKAR, VOL. N0 39. 4
statliga gammala Sokoto) som antecknar den högsta förekomsten av 83.6 procent; följt av
Bauchi och Gombe med 83.5 per cent Som på 2000, troddes förekomsten av armod
för att ha uppstiget till 70 procent på den jämna medborgare.
Den ökande förekomsten av armod, både inom och bland lägen,
var trots olika resurser, och försök som utövas på armod-släkt,
programmerar och schemalägger i landet, föreslå således att programmerar och
intriger var ineffektiva och ineffectual. I det ljust av den närvarande regering
djupa bekymmer för det utbredda och scourging armodet granskar undersöker detta
pappers- föregående och ströminsatser på armodalleviation/förminskning i Nigeria
och något relevant utfärdar på långt framåtriktat. Dela upp 2 överblickar någon
armodalleviationpolitik och programmerar före adventen av
den närvarande administrationen som stunder delar upp 3 gåvaviktig av försök för strömarmod
förminskning, därmed. Dela upp 4 tilltalar något relevant utfärdar på långt
framåtriktat. Dela upp 5 avslutar det pappers-.
II. ÖVERBLICKEN AV FÖREGÅENDE ARMODALLEVIATION
PROGRAMMERAR, OCH armod
Alleviation för POLITIK II.1 och medborgareutveckling planerar
Unit.l som invigningen av en armodAlleviation programmerar utvecklings
kommittén (PAPDC) vid den nigerianska regeringen i 1994, alla försök på armod
alleviation var i grunden ad hoc-. Det var allmänt fallet som armod
alleviation programmerar, och strategier kristalliserades inte och konsoliderades
inom nation de total- utvecklingsmålen. Detta beskådar uthärdas ut ur en EKONOMISK CBN, & FINANSIELLT GRANSKA, VOL. N0 39. perusal 4 av den olika medborgareutvecklingen planerar över period 1962-85, och den rullande medborgare planerar från 1990. Den särskilda signifikansen av medborgare
utvecklingen/det rullande planerar förser med gångjärn på faktumet att de g/ger mycket av ramen för jakten av utvecklingsmål efter färdigheten av
politisk självständighet i 1960. Det kan observeras från planeradokumenten som ”det primära målet av ekonomiskt planera i Nigeria är färdigheten av forförhöjning i nation produktiva kapacitet med en beskåda till att förbättra de bosatt normana av folket”. Detta meddelande föreslår något bekymmer med armodförminskning som fastställande av arvsföljd
förbättrade standart av uppehället. Emellertid var armodalleviationmål tangentiella, och inte explicit mål planerar allra. Desläkta målen under inklusive 1962-85:
förhöjning (a) i per capitainkomst;
(b) jämnare fördelning av inkomst;
förminskning (c) i det jämnt av arbetslöshet; och
förhöjning (D) i tillförselen av hög nivåarbetskraft.
I en släkt åder planerar den första rullande medborgare hade, bland annat, målen av:
* Skapa fylliga sysselsättningstillfällen som hjälpmedel av
att innehålla arbetslöshetproblemet; och
* förhöja det jämnt av den socio-political medvetenheten av folket och mer ytterligare förstärka basera för en market-oriented ekonomi och mildra det motsatt få effekt av den ekonomiska downen-turn på de mest upprörda grupperna. FINANSIELLA CBN SOM ÄR EKONOMISKA &, GRANSKAR, VOL. N0 39. 4, även om att inte rikta meddelanden av bekymmer med armodalleviation, de foregoing har implikationer för armod. Till exempel, om det finns en förhöjning in per-capita inkomst, samtidigt med jämnare fördelning av inkomst, sådan skulle
bly- till armodförminskning. Förminskning i det jämnt av arbetslöshet är ett nödvändigt villkorar möjligtvis för genomförande av ökande inkomst per-capita. De mest nära
riktar meddelande av bekymmer med armod innehålls i thirden planerar (FRN, 1975:29):
… är utveckling inte rättvis en materia av tillväxt i per capitainkomst. Det är möjligheten
som antecknar en kicktillväxttakt i per capitainkomststunder, samlas av folket
fortsätter för att vara i abject armod, och sakna i de grundläggande nödvändigheterna av liv,
bestämt i ett läge som i Nigeria i dag, var momentumen av tillväxt
härleder från en sektor vars riktar, få effekt på ien stora partier av befolkningen är litet.
Ett viktigt mål av planera, är därför till spridning gynnar av
ekonomisk utveckling, så skulle det nigerianskt erfar en markerad förbättring
i his som är standard av uppehälle.
Icke desto mindre i den samma åder som bekymmer med armodalleviation var härlett,
och inte ett riktamål, strategierna i planera skulle inte lucidly rikta och
tydligt närmare detalj.
Allmänt planerar prioriteterna och strategierna enunciated i faktiskt alla
hänvisar till under show att jordbruksproduktionen stämmdes överens alltid
den högsta prioriteten (FRN) (1990: 17); FRN (1981: 37); FRN (1970: 35) - även om,
thirden planerar betonade den ömsesidiga utvecklingen av jordbruk och bransch för
allsidig tillväxt (FRN, 1975: 30). Även i den strukturella justeringen programmera
dokumentet, var jordbruk ansedd av de kritiska sektorerna vars
FINANSIELL CBN som ÄR EKONOMISK &, GRANSKA, VOL. N0 39. 4 som
rehabilitering skulle, är avgörande till framgången av programmera (FRN, 1986:8).
En concomitance av jordbruks- utveckling eller dess apanage, är lantlig utveckling.
Mot bakgrunden, som det fattigt lokaliseras preponderantly i landsbygdar,
och främst förlovat i jordbruk, är fördrag av den högsta prioriteten till jordbruk
i de skulle planeradokumenten föreslår gynnsam disposition in mot armod
alleviation.
Från det foregoing att närma sig distinkt två till armodalleviation kunde
sägas att ha presenterat prominently i Nigeria medborgare som utveckling planerar och
att planera. Dessa är ekonomisk tillväxtstrategin som antar sippra
besegrar av gynnar av tillväxt till det fattigt och strategin av lantlig/jordbruks-
utveckling. Sannerligen kunde lantlig utveckling beskådas som efter att ha varit centralen
till Nigeria strategier för armodalleviation. Och centrera - lappa av den lantliga
utvecklingspolitiken har varit jordbruks- utveckling som kompletteras av social
och ekonomisk infrastruktur. På länge nu, har tillväxtkapaciteten av
landet inte varit tillfredsställande, med negationtillväxt i första halvlek av
80-tal och de mycket låga tillväxtarna efter 1992 (ett genomsnitt av 2.5 procent från 1992-
1999). Även i perioder av ekonomisk tillväxt, erfor Nigerians inte
betydlig eller commensurate armodförminskning. I 1985-1992 fanns det
en obetydlig förhöjning i GDP- och per capitainkomst, och det fanns en förolämpning tappar i
förenad jämn armodheadcount (från 46.3 procent to42.7), men ojämlikhet
worsene D, och detfattigt delade inte i tillväxten, som djupet och strängheten
av armod inte förbättrade markant. Detta föreslår behovet för en strategi av
tillväxt med rättvisa för armodförminskning.
I summa inom ramen av medborgareutvecklingen planerar,
var det implicit tänkande, att ett realitetförhållande fanns tillväxt i GDPEN och
FINANSIELLA CBN som ÄR EKONOMISKA & GRANSKAR, VOL. N0 39. 4
ökande välfärd för den allmänna befolkningen. Och så, planerar att närma sig till
armodalleviation som uttryckt i grundmålen av utvecklingen
gällde inte politik och programmerar som uppsätta som mål direkt det fattigt.
Det fattigt förväntades implicitly för att gynna från ”droppanden - besegra försök” av
overallen som är processaa av utveckling. Men detta har inte varit fallet. Och så måste
tillväxt medföljas av en avsiktlig politik av riktade ingripanden.
Regeringen II.2 programmerar och politik släkt till armod
i det ljust av regering bekymmer för armodförminskning, talrik
politik och programmerar har planlagts på en tid eller another, om
att inte möta de speciala behoven av det fattigt, åtminstone att nå dem. Adventen av
den strukturella justeringen programmerar in1986 kom med ut forcefully behovet
för politik och programmerar för att lätta armod och ge säkerhetsnät för
det fattigt. Denna betoning uppstod från en medvetenhet av den unintended negationen verkställer
av strukturell justeringspolitik på de sårbara grupperna i samhället. Stunden som
strukturell justering hade dess salutary, verkställer på ekonomisk tillväxt, det saknade
betoning på utveckling och accentuerade också samhällsekonomiska problem av
inkomstojämlikheten som är olika tar fram till för utbildning, vård- och annan nödvändigheter för mat, för skydd
, av liv. Det sannerligen, förvärrat förekomsten av armod bland ny sårbara
grupper för mor i samhället.
Som ett resultat av den fortlöpande försämringen av uppehället villkorar i den sena
80-tal som är flera armodalleviation, programmerar kom ombord. De
planlades för att få effekt positivt på det fattigt. Vid avsluta av 1998 fanns det sexton
armodalleviationinstitutioner i landet. I 1994 programmerar den regerings- uppsättningen upp
en broad-based armodAlleviation utvecklingskommittén (PAPDC)
under aegisen av aegisen av medborgare som planerar kommissionen. De FINANSIELLA
primära CBNNA som ÄR EKONOMISKA &, GRANSKAR, VOL. N0 39. mål
4 av PAPDCEN var att råda regeringen på designen, koordination,
och genomförandet av armodalleviation programmerar. Dess arbete bidrog
till uppkomsten av ett nytt att närma sig immensely till designen, och organisationen av
armodalleviation programmerar att kulminera i etableringen i 1996 av
gemenskapåtgärdsprogrammet för armodAlleviation (CAPPA). CAPPA är en baserad
gemenskap att närma sig som adopterar en kombination av sociala fonder och social
handlingstrategi. CAPPA-dokumentet drog från förflutnan erfar i hög grad på
armodförminskningsförsök i landet och försöken för att se till att det fattigt
bärs inte endast along i designen och genomförandet av armod projekterar den
affekt dem men, att det fattigt sig själv formulerar och klarar av faktiskt
armodet projekterar. Olika byråer (regering, oljedoseringar och NGOs) som är involverade i
armodalleviation i landet, har omfamnat CAPPA-strategin. Också i
1996, producerades ett dokument för politik för Alleviation för formuleramedborgarearmod av
regeringen till och med medborgare som planerar kommissionen. Dess framstöt är
förbättringen i människavälfärd i den omgående och avlägsna framtiden.
Specifikt programmerar har ett nummer av regering initierat i förflutnan,
siktat på att förbättra som är grundläggande, servar, infrastruktur, och att inhysa lättheter för
den lantliga och stads- befolkningen och att fördjupa tar fram för att kreditera lantgården matar in, och
skapa anställning. Mest av programmerar, emellertid, uppsätta som mål inte
specifikt in mot det fattigt, fast de påverkar dem. Det finns specifikt multisector
programmerar (bevattna och sanitation, miljön, etc.), såväl som sectorspecific
programmerar i jordbruk, vård-, utbildning, transport, att inhysa, finans,
bransch/fabriks- och näring. (Boxas I innehåller någon regering
programmerar släkt till armod). Några prestationer har antecknats av dessa
armod-förhållande programmerar i områdena av mat kantjusterar produktionen, EKONOMISK
jordbruks- CBN, & FINANSIELLT GRANSKA, VOL. N0 39. 4
och den industriella f8orlängningen servar, primär hälsovård, utbildningsmedlemskap, samlas
genomreser programmerar, och den finansiella sektoren servar till och med folket packar ihop av
Nigeria, och gemenskapen packar ihop. Emellertid programmerar faktumet, att förekomsten av
armod återstår mycket kicken, existensen av det olikt, notwithstanding,
pekar till ineffectivenessen av strategierna och programmerar. Ett nummer av
dela upp i faktorer har bidragit till felet av förbi armod-släkt programmerar och
försök. Några av dem är:
fokuserar brist (I) av att uppsätta som mål mekanism för det fattigt och faktumet, som mest av
programmerar, inte direkt på det fattigt.
(ii) Politisk och politikostadighet har resulterat in frekventerar politikändringar
och det inkonsekventa genomförandet som har förhindrat i sin tur fortlöpande
framsteg.
(iii) Otillräcklig koordination av det olikt programmerar har resulterat i varje
institution som ut bär dess egna aktiviteter med resulterande fördubbling av
försök och ineffektivt bruk av inskränkt resurser. Överlappning fungerar
ledde ultimately till institutionell rivalitet och konflikter.
(iv) Strängt budget-, ledning och maktproblem har drabbat
mest av programmerar och att resultera i lättheter som inte avslutas,
brutet besegra och övergav, unstaffed och utrustade.
(v) Brist av ansvarighet och danande för stordia programmerar därmed
till serven, som trumman leda i rör för tömning av medborgareresurser.
(vi) Overextended räckvidd av aktiviteter av mest institutioner och att resultera i
resurser som är spridda för tunt på för många aktiviteter. Exempel är
DFRRI, och bättre liv programmerar som täckte nästan varje sektor,
och överlappat med många annat existerande programmerar.
FINANSIELLA CBN SOM ÄR EKONOMISKA &, GRANSKAR, VOL. N0 39. olämpliga
4 (vii) programmerar reflekterande brist för design av medverkan av
bidragsmottagare i utformningen, och genomförandet av programmerar.
Därför motiverades bidragsmottagare inte för att identifiera sig
tillräckligt med det lyckade genomförandet av programmerar.
(viii) Frånvaro av uppsätta som mål inställning för departement, byråer och programmerar.
(ix) Frånvaro av effektiv samarbete och komplementär distribution bland de tre
tiersna av regeringen.
(x) Frånvaro av den avgjorda armodförminskningsdagordningen, som kan användas av angått
allt - federal regering, delstatsregeringar, lokal
regeringar. NGOs och landskampoljedoseringsgemenskapen.
(xi) Mest av programmerar saknad mekanism för deras sustainability.
Boxas 1
någon regering programmerar släkt till Multisectoral
armod programmerar inkluderar: medborgaredirektörsbefattningen av anställning,
som består av huvudsakliga fyra, programmerar: den yrkesmässiga expertisutvecklingen
programmerar, programmerar de speciala offentliga arbetena, programmerar de små fjäll
företagen, och den åkerbruka anställningen programmerar; direktörsbefattningen av
mat, vägar och lantlig infrastruktur, som stöttar främst lantlig infrastruktur,
projekterar; och det bättre livet programmerar, som stöttar en multitude av
programmerar riktat på kvinnor, inklusive jordbruk, och f8orlängningen servar,
utbildning och yrkesmässig utbildning, stugabranscher och livsmedelsförädling, den primära
den hälsovårdleveransen och insikten/medvetenheten och kooperativ. Jumbon
byts ut nu av Familj Stötta programmerar.
FINANSIELLA CBN SOM ÄR EKONOMISKA &, GRANSKAR, VOL. N0 39. 4
BOXAS 1 CONTD.
Den åkerbruka sektoren programmerar inkluderar den åkerbruka utvecklingen
programmerar; för landutveckling för medborgare den jordbruks- myndigheten,
de strategiska kornen reserverar programmerar. Programmera för accelererad vete
produktion, as well as utvecklingen av artisanalfiskerin, liten idisslande
produktion, betar, och beta reserverar. Dessa programmerar främjar utilization
av landresurser till och med subventionerad landutveckling, matar in servar krediterar tillförsel av
lantgården och och f8orlängning till bönder och institutionell service för jordbruksprodukter som
marknadsför kooperativ.
Den vård- sektoren programmerar inkluderar den primära hälsovårdintrigen, som
syften på att ge åtminstone en vårdcentral i varje lokal styrning; och
denavmaska eradicationen programmerar, lanserat i 1988 med hjälp av inklusive
UNICEF för donor byråer, som stöttar vård- ingripanden för att kontrollera
diarrésjukdomar, för att utrota guinea-avmaskar, och främjar ändringar i kunskap,
inställningar och övar att förbinda som bevattnar bruk, excretaförfogande och allmän hygien.
Effektiviteten av PHCEN programmerar försvårades av otillräcklig finansiering
från LGAsen och brist av utrustning, nödvändiga droger och utbildade arbetskraft.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
REFERENCES
Abdullahi, M. Yahoo (1993) The Design and Management of poverty Alleviation
projects in Africa. Washington, D. C.: Economic Development Institute
of the World Bank.
Aliu, A. (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP):
Completion, Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring, NAPEP
Secretariat, Abuja, April.
Besley, Timothy (1996), “Political Economy of Alleviating Poverty: Theory and
Institutions”, in M. Bruno and B. Pleskovic (eds), proceedings of the
Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World
Bank Washington, D.C.
Central Bank of Nigeria, Research Department (1999) Nigeria’s development
Prospects: Poverty Assessment and Alleviation Study (Abuja: CBN).
Fajingbesi, A.A. and E.O. Uga (2001a), “Plans, Programmes and Poverty
Alleviation Strategies in Nigeria”, in Integration of poverty Alleviation
Strategies into plans and programmes in Nigeria, NCEMA, Ibadan.
FRN (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP): A Blueprint for
the Schemes, NAPEP Secretariat, Abuja, June.
NCEMA (1995), Integration of Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and
Programmes of Nigeria, Report of a National Workshop, Kaduna and
Ibadan, November – December.
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Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1995), “Community Action Programme
for Poverty Alleviation (CAPPA)”, Lagos.
Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1994), Government Policies and
Programmes to Reach the Poor”, Background paper to poverty
Assessment Studies (January).
Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Finance (2000)./ “Nigeria: CG Poverty Reduction
Paper”. Background paper for Consultative Group Meeting.
Obadan, M.I. (1996) “Analytical Framework for poverty Reduction: Issue of
Economic Growth Versus Other Strategies”, Proceedings of the 1996
Annual Conference of the Niger ia Economic Society (Ibadan: NES).
Obadan, M. I. (1996) “Poverty in Nigeria: Characteristics, Alleviation Strategies
and Programmes”, NCEMA Analysis Series, Vol. 2, No. 2.
Okowa, W.J. (1987), “Urban Bias in Nigerian Development Planning”, The
Nigeria Jour nal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 29 (1), March.
Okumadewa, F. (1996) “Nigeria: Poverty Reducing Growth Strategies and
Options”. Proceedings of the CBN/World Bank Collaborative Study
Workshop on “Nigeria: Prospects for Development”. (Abuja: CBN).
Olayemi, J.K. (1995), “A Survey of Approaches to Poverty Alleviation”. A
Paper Presented at the NCEMA National Workshop on Integration of
Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and Programmes in Nigeria,
Ibadan, Nov. 27 – Dec. I.
The Presidency (2001), “Communique and Syndicate Groups Reports of the first
Retreat for Executive Governors and State Coordinators of the National
Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)”, Abuja, June 22 – 24.
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Ukpong, S.J. (1996), “Putting People First: New Directions for Eradicating
Poverty”, A Paper Presented at the National Dialogue/Workshop on
Agenda for Sustainable Human Development in Nigeria, Organized by the UNDP
in port-Harcourt, 3-5 May.
World Bank (1996), Nigeria, Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The challenge of
Growth with Inclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank (1993), Poverty Reduction Handbook Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), Advancing Social Development. Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), “Distribution and Growth: Complements, Not
Compromises”. Policy Research Bulletin, vol. 6, No. 3 (May-July).
СКУДОСТЬ REDUCTON В НИГЕРИИ, ДОРОГЕ ВПЕРЕД
Automatically translated into Russian thanks to WorldLingo
УМЕНЬШЕНИЕ СКУДОСТИ В НИГЕРИИ: ДОРОГА ПРЕПРОВОЖДАЕТ
1. ВВЕДЕНИЕ
, котор описание Нигерии как парадокс Всемирным Банком (1996) продолжалось
быть подтверженным случаями и официальной статистикой в стране. Парадокс
что уровень бедности в Нигерии противоречит богатству страны большому.
Между прочим, страна преогромно обеспечена доходом с людским,
аграрной, петролеумом, газом, и большими untapped твердыми минеральными ресурсами.
Определенно worrisome что страна заработанная излишек US$300 миллиард от одного
ресурса - петролеума - во время последних 3 декад двадцатого век. Но
rather than прогресс показателя замечательный в национальное socio - экономическое развития,
Нигерия retrogressed для того чтобы стать одним из 25 наиболее нуждающаяся страна на пороге
двадцать первого столетия тогда как она находилась среди богатыа люди 50 в early-1970s.
Показано на официальную статистику то в 1980 национальное (среднее) падение
скудости было 28.1 в населенность. Распределение падения через
положения федерирования показало максимум 49.5 процентов записанных для
плата (и Nassarawa было вырезано от плата). Это намеревалось что каждое
положение имело падение скудости под 50 per cent. К 1985, падение скудости соотечественника (
среднее) подняло до 46.3 процента, с максимумом 68.9 процентов
записанных в Bauchi (и Gombe которое было высекано из Bauchi). Как на 1996,
национальное средний стояло на 65.6 процентах с Sokoto, Kebbi и Zamfara (всем
prof. Майк i. Obadan будет генеральным директором, национальным центром для хозяйственного
управления и администрацией (NCEMA), Ibadan.
ПРОСМОТРЕНИЕ CBN ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ & ФИНАНСОВОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ, CVOL. 39 N0. положение
4 старое Sokoto) записывая самое высокое падение 83.6 процентов; последовано за
Bauchi и Gombe с 83.5 per cent. Как на 2000, было поверены, что подняло
падение скудости до 70 процентов на национальном уровне.
Увеличивая падение скудости, и в пределах и среди положений,
было in spite of различные ресурсы и усилия приложенные на скудост-родственных
программах и схемах в стране, таким образом предлагающ что программы и
схемы были недействительны и ineffectual. In the light of глубокая озабоченность присытствыющего
правительства для widespread и scourging скудости, эта бумага рассматривает
ранее и в настоящее время инициативы на alleviation/уменьшении скудости в Нигерии, и
рассматривает некоторые относящие вопросы на дороге вперед. Соответственно, обзоры раздела
2 некоторые политики alleviation скудости и программы до пришествия
нынешнего правительства пока раздел 3 представляет highlights в настоящее время
усилий уменьшения скудости. Раздел 4 адресует некоторые относящие вопросы на дороге
вперед. Раздел 5 заключает бумагу.
CII. ОБЗОР Alleviation РАНЕЕ скудости
ПРОГРАММ И ПОЛИТИК
II.1 ALLEVIATION СКУДОСТИ и национальные планы развития
Unit.l инаугурация комитета программы развития Alleviation
скудости (PAPDC) нигерийским правительством в 1994, все усилия на alleviation
скудости были необходимо ad-hoc. Это было вообще случаем программам
и стратегиям alleviation скудости не выкристаллизовывали и не консолидировали
в пределах задач развития нации общих. Этот взгляд принесен из ПРОСМОТРЕНИЯ CBN ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО & ФИНАНСОВОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО, cVol. 39 N0. perusal 4 различных национальных планов развития над периодом 1962-85, и национальные скользящие планы от 1990. Определенное значение национального
скользящих планов развития/прикрепляет на петлях на факте что они обеспечили/обеспечивают много из рамок для преследования задач развития с достижениа
политической независимости в 1960. Им можно наблюдать от документов плана «главным образом целью экономического планирования в Нигерии будет достиженио быстро увеличения в емкости нации производительной with a view to улучшать living стандарт стандарты людей». Это заявление предлагает некоторую заботу с уменьшением скудости повлечет
улучшенный стандарт жить. Однако, задачами alleviation скудости были касательные и точные задачи всех планов. Скудост-родственные задачи во время 1962-85 включили:
(a) увеличьте в per capita доходе;
(b) более ровное распределение дохода;
уменьшение (c) в уровень безработицы; и
увеличение (d) в поставке максимума - ровной силы человека.
В родственной вене, первый национальный скользящий план имел, между прочим, задачи:
* Создающ ample возможности трудоустройства как середины
содержать проблему незанятости; и
* увеличивающ уровень социальнополитической осведомленности людей и дальнейше усиливающ основание для market-oriented экономии и mitigating неблагоприятный удар хозяйственного спада на affected группах. ПРОСМОТРЕНИЕ CBN ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ & ФИНАНСОВОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ, CVOL. 39 N0. 4 хотя ясное заявление заботы с alleviation скудости, foregoing имеют прикосновенности для скудости. Например, если будет увеличение в в-capita доходе, одновременно с более ровным распределением дохода, то такие
вели бы к уменьшению скудости. Уменьшением в уровень безработицы будет conceivably необходимого условие для осуществления увеличенного дохода в-capita. Самое близкое
ясное заявление заботы с скудостью содержится в третьем плане (FRN, 1975:29):
… развитие не справедливо дело роста в per capita доходе. По возможности
записать высокое темпы роста в per capita доходе пока массы людей
продолжаются находиться в крайней бедности и нуждаться в предметах первой необходимости жизни,
определенно в ситуации как в Нигерии сегодня, где момент роста
выводит от участка удар которого сразу на большом части населенности мал.
Важная задача плана, поэтому, должна распространить преимущества
экономическое развития поэтому нигерийское испытало бы маркированное улучшение
в его стандарте жить.
Тем не менее, в такой же вене как забота с alleviation скудости находилось выводить
и не сразу задачей, стратегии в плане не было lucidly сразу и
точно специфические.
Вообще, приоритеты и стратегии enunciated в фактически всех планах
под справкой показывают что сельскохозяйственная продукция всегда была согласовывана
высокийа приоритет (FRN) (1990: 17); FRN (1981: 37); FRN (1970: 35) - хотя,
третий план подчеркнул взаимное развитие земледелия и индустрии для
уравновешенный рост (FRN, 1975: 30). Даже в структурно документе программы
регулировки, земледелие было рассмотрено один из критически участков CBN
ПРОСМОТРЕНИЕ которых ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ & ФИНАНСОВОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ, cVol. 39 N0. реабилитация
4 была бы критической к успеху программы (FRN, 1986:8).
Concomitance сельскохозяйственного развития, или свое apanage, будут сельским развитием.
Против предпосылки бедным preponderantly располагаются в сельских районах,
и главным образом включите в земледелии, согласие высокийа приоритет к земледелию
в документах плана предложил благоприятное решение к alleviation
скудости.
От foregoing, 2 определенных подхода к alleviation скудости были в состоянии
быть сказаны, что отличили видно в планах развития и запланировании Нигерии
национальных. Эти будут стратегией экономический роста предполагает trickling
вниз преимуществ роста к бедным, и стратегией сельских/
сельскохозяйствення развитие. Деиствительно, сельское развитие было в состоянии быть осмотрено как был центрально
к стратегиям alleviation скудости Нигерии. И центр - частью сельской
политики развития было сельскохозяйственное развитие, укомплектованное
социальная и экономическая инфраструктура. For a long time теперь, проведение роста
страны не удовлетворительно, с отрицательным приростом населения в первой половине
1980s и очень низких ростов с 1992 (средний 2.5 процентов от 1992-
1999). Даже в периодах экономический роста, Nigerians не испытало
значительное или соответствующее уменьшение скудости. В 1985-1992, было
незначительное повышение в GDP и per capita доходе, и было небольшое падение в
агрегатном уровне headcount скудости (от 46.3 процентов to42.7), но worsene
d неравноправности и сердечник-плохое не делило в росте по мере того как глубина и суровость
скудости не улучшили значительно. Это предлагает потребность для стратегии
роста с справедливостью для уменьшения скудости.
В сумме, within the framework of национальные планы развития,
подразумеваемый думать был что положительное отношение существовало рост в GDP и
ПРОСМОТРЕНИИ CBN ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОМ & ФИНАНСОВОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОМ, cVol. 39 N0. 4
увеличенное благосостояние для вообще citizenry. И так, подход к alleviation
скудости как выражено в основных задачах планов развития
не включил политики и программы которые сразу пристрелли бедные. Были ы, что
помогли бедные подразумеваем от «trickle - вниз усилий»
общего процесса разработки. Но это не было случаем. И так рост
должен быть сопровожен нарочито политикой пристрелнных интервенций.
Программы правительства II.2 и политики отнесенные к скудости
in the light of забота правительства для уменьшения скудости, многочисленнNp
политики и программы были конструированы в одно время или другие, if not
для того чтобы отвечать специальные потребностямы бедных, по крайней мере достигнуть их. Пришествие
структурно программы регулировки in1986 принесло вне более forcefully потребность
для политик и программ разрешить скудость и обеспечить сети безопасности для
бедных. Это внимание возникло от осведомленности unintended отрицательных влияний
структурно политик регулирования на уязвимых группах в обществе. Пока
структурно регулировка имела свои salutary влияния на экономический роста, он нуждался
внимании на развитии и также акцентировался socio-economic проблемы
неравноправности дохода, неравного доступа к еде, укрытия, образования, здоровья и других
необходимостей жизни. Оно деиствительно, усугублено падению скудости среди групп ma
ny уязвимых в обществе.
В результате непрерывного ухудшения качества living услови условий in the late
1980s, несколько программ alleviation скудости пришли на борту. Они
были конструированы для того чтобы плотно сжать положительн на бедных. By the end of 1998, были заведения
alleviation скудости 16 в стране. В 1994, правительство установило вверх
broad-based комитет программы развития Alleviation скудости (PAPDC)
under the aegis of эгида национального плановой комиссии. ПРОСМОТРЕНИЕ
главным образом CBN ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ & ФИНАНСОВОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ, cVol. 39 N0. задача
4 PAPDC должна была советовать правительству на конструкции, координации
и осуществлении программы alleviation скудости. Своя работа способствовала
больш к эмерджентности нового подхода к конструкции и организации
программ alleviation скудости достигая кульминации в установке в 1996 из
программы действия общины для Alleviation скудости (CAPPA). CAPPA будет
подходом основанным общиной принимает комбинацию социальных фондов и социальной
стратегии действия. Документ CAPPA нарисовал больш от прошлого опыта на
усилиях уменьшения скудости в стране и попытках обеспечить что бедные
not only снесены вперед в конструкцию и вставку проектов скудости
влияют на их но бедные сами фактическ формулируют и управляют
проектами скудости. Различные агенства (правительство, дарители и NGOs), котор включили в
alleviation скудости в стране обнимали стратегию CAPPA. Также, в
1996, программный документ Alleviation скудости проекта национальное было произведено
правительством через национальное плановую комиссию. Своей тягой будет
улучшение в людском благосостоянии в немедленно и дистантном будущем.
Специфически, несколько программы правительства начатые в прошлом,
aim at улучшить базовые обслуживания, инфраструктуру и расквартировывать средства для
сельского и городского населения, расширять доступ к входным сигналам фермы кредита, и
создавать занятость. Большая часть из программ, однако, специфически
была пристрелна к бедным, хотя они влияют на их. Будут специфически многосекторные
программы (вода и санобработка, окружающая среда, etc) также, как sectorspecific
программы в земледелии, здоровье, образовании, переходе, снабжении жилищем, финансах,
индустрии/изготавливании и питании. (Коробка iий содержит некоторые программы
правительства отнесенные к скудости). Некоторые достижения были записаны этими
программами скудост-отношения в зонах продукции продовольственной сельскохозяйственной культуры, ПРОСМОТРЕНИЯ
аграрного CBN ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО & ФИНАНСОВОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО, cVol. 39 N0. 4
и промышленные обслуживания выдвижения, главным образом медицинское соревнование, enrolment образования, массовая
программа перехода и обслуживания финансовый сектор через народный банк
Нигерии и коммунальных банков. Однако, факт что падение скудости
остает очень высоким, существование различных программ notwithstanding,
пунктов к неэффективности стратегий и программ. Несколько
факторы способствовали к отказу прошлых скудост-родственных программ и
усилий. Некоторые из их являются следующими:
отсутсвие (I) пристреливать механизмы для бедных и факт большая часть из
программ не фокусирует сразу на бедных.
(ii) Нестабильность политических и политики приводила к в частых изменениях политики
и сбивчивой вставке в свою очередь предотвращали непрерывный
прогресс.
(cIii) Недостаточная координация различных программ приводила к в каждом
заведении унося свои собственные деятельности с возникающим дублированием
усилия и неработоспособной пользой лимитированных ресурсов. Перекрывая функции
предельно вели к учрежденческим соперничеству и конфликтам.
(iv) Строгие проблемы бюджетных, управления и управления afflicted
большая часть из программ, resulting in покинутые средства будучи завершанными
, break down и, unstaffed и оборудовали.
(v) Отсутсвие отчетности и транспаранта таким образом делая программы
для служения как трубы проводника для стекать национальные ресурсы.
(cVi) Overextended объем деятельностей большинств заведений, resulting in
ресурсы будучи распространянным слишком тонко на too many RABOT. Примерами будут
DFRRI и более лучшими программами жизни покрыли почти каждый участок
и, котор перекрыли с много других existing программ.
ПРОСМОТРЕНИЕ CBN ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ & ФИНАНСОВОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ, CVOL. 39 N0. (
cVii) отсутсвие неуместной конструкции программы 4 отражая запутанности
бенефициантов в образовании и осуществления программы.
Следовательно, бенефицианты не были motivated для того чтобы определить
достаточно с успешно осуществлением программы.
(cViii) Отсутствие цели устанавливая для министерств, агенств и программ.
(cIx) Отсутствие эффективных сотрудничества и комплементации среди 3
ярусов правительства.
(x) Отсутствие соглашенной повестки дня уменьшения скудости может быть использовано все
concerned - федеральное правительство, правительства штата,
местня правительство. NGOs, и международная Donor община.
(cXi) Большая часть из программ нуждалась механизмах для их sustainability.
Коробка программы
1 некоторые правительства отнесенные к программам
скудости Multisectoral вклюает: национальный директорат занятости,
которая consist of 4 главным образом программы: профессиональная программа развития
искусств, специальная программа общественная работ, программа предпринимательств малого
маштаба, и программа обеспечения занятости населения земледелия; директорат
еды, дорог и сельской инфраструктуры, которая поддерживает главным образом сельские проекты
инфраструктуры; и более лучшая программа жизни, которая поддерживает multitude
программ пристрелла на женщинах, включая обслуживания земледелия и выдвижения,
образование и профессиональную подготовку, надомные производства и пищевую промышленность, главным образом
поставку и прозрение медицинского соревнования/осведомленность и кооперативы. Последнее
теперь заменено программой поддержки Семьи.
ПРОСМОТРЕНИЕ CBN ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ & ФИНАНСОВОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЕ, CVOL. 39 N0. 4
КОРОБКА 1 CONTD.
Программы участка земледелия вклюают программы развития
земледелия; национальный авторитет развития аграрного края,
стратегическая программа запасов зерен. Программа для ускорять ход продукции
пшеницы, также, как развитие рыбозавода artisanal, малой продукции
жевания жвачки, выгона и запасов пасти. Эти программы повышают использование
ресурсов земли через субсидированное развитие земли, поставку входных сигналов фермы и
обслуживаний и пролонгация кредита к хуторянин, и учрежденческую поддержку для кооперативов
маркетинга продукции.
Программы участка здоровья вклюают главным образом схему медицинского соревнования, которая
aim at обеспечить по крайней мере один центр здоровья в каждом местном правительстве; и
программа изживания Гине-глиста, запущенная в 1988 с помощью donor
агенств включая UNICEF, который поддерживает интервенции здоровья для того чтобы контролировать
заболевания поноса, искоренять гине-глиста, и повышать изменения в знании,
ориентациях и практиках relating to польза воды, избавлении экскретов и вообще гигиене.
Эффективность программы PHC была затруднена недостаточный фондировать
от LGAs, и нехваткой оборудования, основными лекарственными средствами, и натренировала силу человека.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
REFERENCES
Abdullahi, M. Yahoo (1993) The Design and Management of poverty Alleviation
projects in Africa. Washington, D. C.: Economic Development Institute
of the World Bank.
Aliu, A. (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP):
Completion, Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring, NAPEP
Secretariat, Abuja, April.
Besley, Timothy (1996), “Political Economy of Alleviating Poverty: Theory and
Institutions”, in M. Bruno and B. Pleskovic (eds), proceedings of the
Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World
Bank Washington, D.C.
Central Bank of Nigeria, Research Department (1999) Nigeria’s development
Prospects: Poverty Assessment and Alleviation Study (Abuja: CBN).
Fajingbesi, A.A. and E.O. Uga (2001a), “Plans, Programmes and Poverty
Alleviation Strategies in Nigeria”, in Integration of poverty Alleviation
Strategies into plans and programmes in Nigeria, NCEMA, Ibadan.
FRN (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP): A Blueprint for
the Schemes, NAPEP Secretariat, Abuja, June.
NCEMA (1995), Integration of Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and
Programmes of Nigeria, Report of a National Workshop, Kaduna and
Ibadan, November – December.
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Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1995), “Community Action Programme
for Poverty Alleviation (CAPPA)”, Lagos.
Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1994), Government Policies and
Programmes to Reach the Poor”, Background paper to poverty
Assessment Studies (January).
Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Finance (2000)./ “Nigeria: CG Poverty Reduction
Paper”. Background paper for Consultative Group Meeting.
Obadan, M.I. (1996) “Analytical Framework for poverty Reduction: Issue of
Economic Growth Versus Other Strategies”, Proceedings of the 1996
Annual Conference of the Niger ia Economic Society (Ibadan: NES).
Obadan, M. I. (1996) “Poverty in Nigeria: Characteristics, Alleviation Strategies
and Programmes”, NCEMA Analysis Series, Vol. 2, No. 2.
Okowa, W.J. (1987), “Urban Bias in Nigerian Development Planning”, The
Nigeria Jour nal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 29 (1), March.
Okumadewa, F. (1996) “Nigeria: Poverty Reducing Growth Strategies and
Options”. Proceedings of the CBN/World Bank Collaborative Study
Workshop on “Nigeria: Prospects for Development”. (Abuja: CBN).
Olayemi, J.K. (1995), “A Survey of Approaches to Poverty Alleviation”. A
Paper Presented at the NCEMA National Workshop on Integration of
Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and Programmes in Nigeria,
Ibadan, Nov. 27 – Dec. I.
The Presidency (2001), “Communique and Syndicate Groups Reports of the first
Retreat for Executive Governors and State Coordinators of the National
Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)”, Abuja, June 22 – 24.
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Ukpong, S.J. (1996), “Putting People First: New Directions for Eradicating
Poverty”, A Paper Presented at the National Dialogue/Workshop on
Agenda for Sustainable Human Development in Nigeria, Organized by the UNDP
in port-Harcourt, 3-5 May.
World Bank (1996), Nigeria, Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The challenge of
Growth with Inclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank (1993), Poverty Reduction Handbook Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), Advancing Social Development. Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), “Distribution and Growth: Complements, Not
Compromises”. Policy Research Bulletin, vol. 6, No. 3 (May-July).
ARMOEDE REDUCTON IN NIGERIA, DE VOORWAARTSE MANIER
Automatically translated into Dutch thanks to WorldLingo
DE VERMINDERING VAN DE ARMOEDE VAN NIGERIA: MANIER VOORWAARTSE
1. INLEIDING
de beschrijving van Nigeria als paradox door de Wereldbank (1996) is
door gebeurtenissen en officiële statistieken in het land blijven worden bevestigd. De paradox is
dat het armoedeniveau in Nigeria de immense rijkdom van het land tegenspreekt.
Onder andere, wordt het land enorm begiftigd met menselijke,
landbouw, aardolie, gas, en grote onaangesproken stevige minerale middelen.
Bijzonder onrustbarend is dat het land dat over US$300 miljard van één middel
- aardolie wordt verdiend - tijdens de laatste drie decennia van de twintigste eeuw. Maar
eerder dan om opmerkelijke vooruitgang in nationale sociaal-economische ontwikkeling te registreren,
retrogressed Nigeria om één van de 25 armste landen te worden bij de drempel van
eenentwintigste eeuw terwijl zij onder rijkste 50 in de vroeg-jaren '70 was.
De officiële statistieken tonen aan dat in 1980 de nationale (gemiddelde) armoede
weerslag 28.1 per van de bevolking was. De distributie van de weerslag over
de staten van de federatie toonde een maximum van 49.5 percenten die voor Plateau
worden geregistreerd (en Nassarawa die van Plateau accijns op werd gelegd op). Dit betekende dat elke
staat een armoedeweerslag onder 50 percent had. Tegen 1985, was de nationale (gemiddelde)
armoedeweerslag toegenomen tot 46.3 percenten, met het maximum van 68.9 percenten
die in Bauchi worden geregistreerd (en Gombe die uit Bauchi werd gesneden). Zoals bij 1996,
bevond het nationale gemiddelde zich bij 65.6 percenten met Sokoto, Kebbi en Zamfara (al
Prof. Mike I. Obadan is de Directeur -generaal, het Nationale Centrum voor Economisch
Beheer en het Beleid (NCEMA), Ibadan.
CBN ECONOMISCH & FINANCIEEL OVERZICHT, VOLUME. 39 N0. staat
4 die oude Sokoto) de hoogste weerslag van 83.6 percenten registreert; gevolgd door
Bauchi en Gombe met 83.5 percent. Zoals bij 2000, werd de weerslag van armoede
verondersteld om tot 70 percenten op het nationaal niveau toegenomen te zijn.
De stijgende weerslag van armoede, zowel binnen als onder plaatsen,
was ondanks diverse middelen en inspanningen die op op armoedebetrekking hebbende programma's
en regelingen in het land worden uitgeoefend, waarbij wordt voorgesteld dat de programma's en
de regelingen ondoeltreffend en vruchteloos waren. In het licht van de diepe zorg
van de huidige overheid voor de wijdverspreide en scourging armoede, herziet dit document
vorige en huidige initiatieven bij armoedevermindering/vermindering van Nigeria, en
onderzoekt sommige relevante kwesties op de voorwaartse manier. Dienovereenkomstig, Sectie 2
overzichten sommige beleid en programma's van de armoedevermindering voorafgaand aan de komst
van het huidige beleid terwijl Sectie 3 hoogtepunten van de huidige inspanningen
van de armoedevermindering voorstelt. Sectie 4 behandelt sommige relevante kwesties op de voorwaartse
manier. Sectie 5 besluit het document.
II. Het OVERZICHT VAN de VORIGE Plannen Unit.l
van de Vermindering van de Armoede van de PROGRAMMA'S
EN van het BELEID van de VERMINDERING van de ARMOEDE II.1 en van de Nationale
Ontwikkelings de inauguratie van een Commissie voor Ontwikkeling van het Programma van de Vermindering van de Armoede
(PAPDC) door de Nigeriaanse overheid in 1994, alle inspanningen bij armoede
vermindering was hoofdzakelijk ad hoc. Het was over het algemeen het geval dat de programma's
en de strategieën van de armoedevermindering niet werden gekristalliseerd en binnen
de algemene de ontwikkelingsdoelstellingen van de natie werden geconsolideerd. Deze mening wordt gedragen uit een CBN ECONOMISCH & FINANCIEEL OVERZICHT, VOLUME. 39 N0. lezing 4 van de diverse Plannen van de Nationale Ontwikkelings meer dan de periode van 1962-85, en Nationale Rolling Plannen vanaf 1990. De bijzondere betekenis van de Nationale
Ontwikkeling/de Rolling scharnieren van Plannen op het feit dat zij/verstrekten veel van het kader voor de achtervolging van ontwikkelingsdoelstellingen sinds het bereiken van politieke
onafhankelijkheid in 1960 verstrekt. Men kan opmerken van de documenten van het Plan dat het „primaire doel van economische planning in Nigeria het bereiken van snelle verhoging van de productieve capaciteit van de natie het verbeteren van de levensstandaarden van de mensen“ is. Deze verklaring stelt één of andere zorg met armoedevermindering die voor betere
levensstandaard met zich meebrengt. Nochtans, waren de doelstellingen van de armoedevermindering divergerende en niet expliciete doelstellingen van alle plannen. De op armoedebetrekking hebbende doelstellingen in 1962-85 omvatten:
(a) verhoging van inkomen per hoofd;
(b) meer zelfs distributie van inkomen;
(c) vermindering van het niveau van werkloosheid; en
(d) verhoging van het verschaffen van arbeidskrachten op hoog niveau.
In een verwante ader, had het Eerste Nationale Rolling Plan, onder andere, de doelstellingen van:
* Biedend ruime werkgelegenheidskansen als
het bevatten van het werkloosheidsprobleem; en
* verbeterend het niveau van sociaalpolitieke voorlichting van de mensen en verder versterkend de basis voor een marktgerichte economie en verlichtend het ongunstige effect van de economische daling op de meest beïnvloede groepen. CBN ECONOMISCH & FINANCIEEL OVERZICHT, VOLUME. 39 N0. 4 hoewel hebben de niet directe verklaringen van belang met armoedevermindering, het onthouden zich van implicaties voor armoede. Bijvoorbeeld, als er een verhoging van inkomen per hoofd, gelijktijdig met meer zelfs distributie van inkomen is, zulke
zou leiden tot armoedevermindering. De vermindering van het niveau van werkloosheid is mogelijk een noodzakelijke voorwaarde voor totstandbrenging van verhoogd inkomen per hoofd. De dichtste
directe verklaring van belang met armoede is bevat in het Derde Plan (FRN, 1975:29):
… de ontwikkeling is niet alleen een kwestie van de groei in inkomen per hoofd. Het is mogelijk
om een hoog groeipercentage in inkomen per hoofd te registreren terwijl de massa's van de mensen
in verachtelijke armoede en vandaag het ontbreken in de basisnoodzaak van het leven,
in het bijzonder in een situatie zoals in Nigeria blijven, waar de impuls van de groei
uit een sector voortkomt het waarvan directe effect op het grootste deel van de bevolking klein is.
Een belangrijke doelstelling van het plan, daarom, is de voordelen van economische
ontwikkeling te verspreiden zodat zou de Nigeriaan een duidelijke verbetering van
zijn levensstandaard ervaren.
Niettemin, in de zelfde ader zoals de zorg met armoedevermindering een afgeleide en
niet directe doelstelling was, waren de strategieën in het plan niet lucidly direct en uitdrukkelijk specifiek
.
Over het algemeen, tonen de prioriteiten en de strategieën die in vrijwel alle Plannen
onder verwijzing worden opgesomd aan dat de landbouwproductie altijd de hoogste
prioriteit (FRN) werd overeengestemd (1990: 17); FRN (1981: 37); FRN (1970: 35) - hoewel, het
Derde Plan de wederzijdse ontwikkeling van landbouw en de industrie voor de evenwichtige
groei benadrukte (FRN, 1975: 30). Zelfs in het document van het structurele aanpassings
programma, werd de landbouw overwogen één van de kritieke sectoren waarvan
CBN ECONOMISCH & FINANCIEEL OVERZICHT, VOLUME. 39 N0. rehabilitatie
4 zou voor het succes van het programma (FRN, 1986:8) essentieel zijn.
Het samenvallen van landbouwontwikkeling, of zijn apanage, zijn de ontwikkeling van het platteland.
Tegen de achtergrond dat de armen preponderantly op plattelandsgebieden worden gevestigd,
en hoofdzakelijk bezig geweest met landbouw zijn, zou de overeenstemming van hoogste prioriteit aan landbouw
in de plandocumenten gunstige regeling naar armoedevermindering
voorstellen.
Van zich het onthouden van, zouden twee verschillende benaderingen van armoedevermindering
kunnen worden gezegd om opvallend in de nationale ontwikkelingsplannen van Nigeria en planning
voorgekomen te zijn. Dit zijn de de economische groeistrategie die het druppelen neer
van de voordelen van de groei aan de armen, en de strategie van ontwikkeling van het platteland/de landbouw
veronderstelt. De ontwikkeling van het platteland zou kunnen namelijk worden bekeken zoals van centraal belang zijnd
aan de strategieën van de de armoedevermindering van Nigeria. En het centrum - het stuk van het de ontwikkelings
van het platteland beleid is landbouwontwikkeling geweest, die door sociale en
economische infrastructuur wordt aangevuld. Lange tijd nu, zijn de de groeiprestaties van het
land niet bevredigend, met de negatieve groei in de eerste helft de jaren '80
en zeer lage groei sinds 1992 geweest (een gemiddelde van 2.5 percenten van 1992-
1999). Zelfs tijdens periodes van de economische groei, ervoeren Nigerianen
geen aanzienlijke of evenredige armoedevermindering. In 1985-1992, was er een
lichte verhoging van het BBP en inkomen per hoofd, en er was een lichte daling in
het gezamenlijke niveau van het armoedebepalen van het aantal aanwezigen (van 46.3 percenten to42.7), maar de ongelijkheid
worsene D en de kern-armen deelden niet in de groei als diepte en de strengheid
van armoede verbeterde niet beduidend. Dit stelt de behoefte aan een strategie van
de groei met gelijkheid voor armoedevermindering voor.
In som, in het kader van de Plannen van de Nationale Ontwikkelings,
het impliciete was denken dat een positieve verhouding de groei in het ECONOMISCHE & FINANCIËLE
OVERZICHT van het BBP en CBN, VOLUME bestond. 39 N0. 4
verhoogd welzijn voor het algemene burgerschap. En zo, impliceerde de benadering van
armoedevermindering zoals die in de fundamentele doelstellingen van de Plannen van de Ontwikkelings
wordt uitgedrukt beleid en geen programma's dat direct de armen richtten. De
armen impliciet zouden profiteren van het „druppeltje - onderaan inspanningen“ van het
algemene ontwikkelingsproces. Maar dit is niet het geval geweest. En zo moet
de groei van een weloverwogen beleid van gerichte acties vergezeld gaan.
II.2 de Programma's van de overheid en het Beleid Met betrekking tot Armoede
in het licht van de zorg van de overheid voor armoedevermindering, het talrijke
beleid en programma's zijn opgesteld in één keer of een andere, als niet om
aan de speciale behoeften van de armen te voldoen, minstens om hen te bereiken. De komst van het
Programma in1986 van de Structurele Aanpassing bracht krachtiger de behoefte
aan beleid en programma's uit om armoede te verminderen en veiligheidsnetten te verstrekken voor de
armen. Deze nadruk was van een voorlichting van de onbedoelde negatieve gevolgen
van structureel aanpassingsbeleid voor de kwetsbare groepen in de maatschappij het gevolg. Terwijl
de structurele aanpassing zijn weldadige gevolgen voor de economische groei had, had het
nadruk bij de ontwikkeling niet en benadrukte ook sociaal-economische problemen van
inkomensongelijkheid, ongelijke toegang tot voedsel, schuilplaats, onderwijs, gezondheid en andere
noodzaak van het leven. Het inderdaad, verergerde de weerslag van armoede onder ma ny
kwetsbare groepen in de maatschappij.
Als resultaat van de ononderbroken verslechtering van levensomstandigheden in de recente
jaren '80, aan boord kwamen verscheidene programma's van de armoedevermindering. Zij werden
ontworpen aan effect positief op de armen. Tegen eind 1998, waren er zestien
instellingen van de armoedevermindering in het land. In 1994, richtte de Overheid een
gevarieerde Commissie voor Ontwikkeling van het Programma van de Vermindering van de Armoede (PAPDC)
onder de hoge bescherming van aegis van de Nationale Plannende Commissie op. HET PRIMAIRE
CBN ECONOMISCHE & FINANCIËLE OVERZICHT, VOLUME. 39 N0. doelstelling
4 van PAPDC was de overheid op het ontwerp, de coördinatie en
de tenuitvoerlegging van de programma's van de armoedevermindering te adviseren. Zijn werk droeg
immensely tot de totstandkoming van een nieuwe benadering van het ontwerp en de organisatie van
de programma's die van de armoedevermindering in de onderneming in 1996 van het Programma
van de Communautaire actie voor de Vermindering van de Armoede culmineren bij (CAPPA). CAPPA is een
gemeenschap gebaseerde benadering die een combinatie van sociale fondsen en sociale actie
strategie goedkeurt. Het Cappa- document trok grotendeels van de afgelopen ervaring op
de inspanningen van de armoedevermindering in het land en probeert om ervoor te zorgen dat de armen
niet alleen in het ontwerp en de tenuitvoerlegging van armoedeprojecten worden gestimuleerd die
hen beïnvloeden maar dat de armen zelf formuleren en eigenlijk de armoede
projecten beheren. Diverse agentschappen (Overheid, Donors en NGOs) hebben betrokken bij
armoedevermindering in het land de strategie CAPPA omhelst. Ook, in
1996, werd een document van het Beleid van de Vermindering van de ontwerp Nationaal Armoede uitgevaardigd door de
Overheid door de Nationale Plannende Commissie. Zijn duw is de
verbetering van menselijk welzijn in de directe en verre toekomst.
Specifiek, hebben een aantal overheidsprogramma's die in het verleden in werking worden gesteld,
het verbeteren van de basisdiensten, infrastructuur en het huisvesten van faciliteiten voor de
landelijke en stedelijke bevolking, het uitbreiden van toegang tot de input van het kredietlandbouwbedrijf, en het creëren van
werkgelegenheid beoogd. De meeste programma's, echter, werden niet specifiek
gericht naar de armen, hoewel zij hen beïnvloeden. Er zijn specifieke programma's
in meerdere sectoren (water en hygiëne, milieu, enz.) evenals sectorspecifieke
programma's in landbouw, gezondheid, onderwijs, vervoer, huisvesting, financiën,
de industrie/productie en voeding. (Vakje I bevat sommige overheids
programma's met betrekking tot armoede). Sommige verwezenlijkingen zijn geregistreerd door deze
armoede-relatie programma's op het gebied van voedingsgewas productie, landbouw
CBN ECONOMISCH & FINANCIEEL OVERZICHT, VOLUME. 39 N0. 4
en de industriële uitbreidingsdiensten, primaire gezondheidszorg, onderwijsinschrijving, het programma
van de massadoorgang en de financiële sectordiensten door de Bank van de Mensen van
de Communautaire Banken van Nigeria en. Nochtans, het feit dat de weerslag van armoede
, het bestaan van de diverse programma's niettegenstaande, punten aan
de ondoeltreffendheid van de strategieën en programma's zeer hoog blijft. Een aantal
factoren hebben bijgedragen tot de mislukking van voorbij op armoedebetrekking hebbende programma's en
inspanningen. Wat van hen zijn:
(i) gebrek aan het richten van mechanismen voor de armen en het feit dat de meeste
programma's zich niet direct op de armen concentreren.
(ii) de politieke en beleidsinstabiliteit heeft in frequente beleidsveranderingen en
inconsistente implementatie geresulteerd die beurtelings ononderbroken vooruitgang
hebben verhinderd.
(iii) de ontoereikende coördinatie van de diverse programma's heeft in elke
instelling geresulteerd die zijn eigen activiteiten met resulterende verdubbeling van inspanning
en inefficiënt gebruik van beperkte middelen uitvoert. Overlappende functies
die uiteindelijk tot institutionele rivaliteit en conflicten worden geleid.
(iv) de strenge begrotings, beheers en bestuurproblemen hebben de meeste
programma's getroffen, resulterend in, opgesplitst en verlaten faciliteiten die
niet, unstaffed en uitrustten voltooid.
(v) gebrek aan verantwoordingsplicht en transparantie die daardoor de programma's maken
om als buispijpen voor drainage nationale middelen te dienen.
(vi) te sterk verspreid werkingsgebied van activiteiten van de meeste instellingen, die in
middelen resulteren die te dun op teveel activiteiten worden uitgespreid. De voorbeelden zijn
DFRRI - en de Betere Programma's van het Leven die bijna elke sector behandelden
en met veel andere bestaande programma's overlapten.
CBN ECONOMISCH & FINANCIEEL OVERZICHT, VOLUME. 39 N0. 4
(vii) Ongepast programmaontwerp dat op gebrek aan betrokkenheid van begunstigden
in de formulering en de tenuitvoerlegging van programma's wijst.
Derhalve waren de begunstigden niet gemotiveerd om met
de succesvolle tenuitvoerlegging van de programma's voldoende te identificeren.
(viii) afwezigheid van ter bepaling van de doelstellingen voor Ministeries, Bureaus en Programma's.
(ix) ontbreken van efficiënte samenwerking en aanvulling onder de drie
rijen van overheid.
(x) ontbreken van de goedgekeurde agenda van de armoedevermindering die door betroffen allen kan
worden gebruikt - Federale Overheid, de Overheden van de Staat,
Lokale regeringen. NGOs, en de Internationale Gemeenschap van de Donor.
(xi) de meeste programma's niet gehade mechanismen voor hun duurzaamheid.
Het vakje Programma's
van 1 Sommige Overheid Met betrekking tot Programma's
de In meerdere sectoren van de Armoede omvat: het nationale Directoraat van Werkgelegenheid,
dat uit vier belangrijke programma's bestaat: het beroepsProgramma van de Ontwikkeling
van Vaardigheden, het Speciale Programma van Openbare Werken, het Kleinschalige Programma
van Ondernemingen, en het Programma van de Werkgelegenheid van de Landbouw; het directoraat van
Voedsel, Wegen en Landelijke Infrastructuur, die hoofdzakelijk landelijke infrastructuurprojecten
steunt; en het Betere Programma van het Leven, dat een massa
programma's steunt die bij vrouwen, met inbegrip van landbouw en de uitbreidingsdiensten, onderwijs
en beroepsopleiding, de plattelandshuisjeindustrieën en voedselverwerking, primaire
gezondheidszorglevering en verlichting/voorlichting en coöperatieve verenigingen worden gericht. Laatste wordt
nu vervangen door het Programma van de Steun van de Familie.
CBN ECONOMISCH & FINANCIEEL OVERZICHT, VOLUME. 39 N0. 4
DOOS 1 CONTD.
De Programma's van de Sector van de landbouw omvatten de Programma's van de Ontwikkeling
van de Landbouw; de nationale Instantie van de Ontwikkeling van de Landbouwgrond, het
Strategische Programma van de Reserves van korrels. Het programma voor de Versnelde Productie
van de Tarwe, evenals de ontwikkeling van artisanale visserij, kleine herkauwers
productie, weiland en het weiden reserves. Deze programma's bevorderen gebruik
van landmiddelen door gesubsidi�ërde landontwikkeling, levering van landbouwbedrijfinput en
de diensten en kredietuitbreiding aan landbouwers, en institutionele steun voor opbrengs
op de markt brengende coöperatieve verenigingen.
De Programma's van de Sector van de gezondheid omvatten de primaire Regeling van de Gezondheidszorg, die
het verstrekken van minstens één gezondheidscentrum in elke lokale regering beoogt; en het
Guinea-Worm Programma van de Uitroeiing, dat in 1988 met hulp van donoragentschappen
wordt gelanceerd met inbegrip van UNICEF, die gezondheidsacties steunt om diarree
ziekten te controleren, Guinea-worm uit te roeien, en veranderingen in kennis, houdingen
en praktijken met betrekking tot watergebruik, afscheidingenverwijdering en algemene hygiëne te bevorderen.
De doeltreffendheid van het Phc- programma werd belemmerd door ontoereikende financiering
van LGAs, en gebrek aan materiaal, essentiële drugs, en opleidde arbeidskrachten.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
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Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
REFERENCES
Abdullahi, M. Yahoo (1993) The Design and Management of poverty Alleviation
projects in Africa. Washington, D. C.: Economic Development Institute
of the World Bank.
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Completion, Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring, NAPEP
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فقر [ردوكتون] في نيجيريا, الطريق إلى الأمام
Automatically translated into Arabic thanks to WorldLingo
فقر تخفيض في نيجيريا: يرسل
الطريق 1. تقديم
الوصف نيجيريا كمفارقة ب ال [وورلد بنك] (1996) قد استمرّ
أن يكون أكّدت بحادثات ومسؤولة إحصائيّة في البلد. المفارقة
أنّ يناقض ال [بوفرتي لفل] في نيجيريا البلد ثروة ضخمة.
[أمونغ وثر ثينغس], وهبت البلد بجسامة مع إنسانيّة,
زراعيّة, بترول, غاز, و [مينرل رسورس] كبيرة غيرمستثمر صلبة.
بشكل خاصّ مقلقة أنّ البلد يكسب على [أوس$300] بليون من واحدة
موردة - بترول - أثناء المتأخّرة ثلاثة عقود من القرن عشرون. غير أنّ
[رثر ثن] سجل [رتروغرسّ] تقدم ملحوظة في تطوير وطنيّة [سسو-كنوميك],
نيجيريا أن يصبح واحدة من ال 25 بلد فقير في العتبة من
قرن حادي و العشرون حيث أنّ هو كان بين الغنيّة 50 في ال [إرل-1970س].
يبدي إحصائيّة رسميّة أنّ في 1980 الوطنيّة (معدّلة) فقر
حدوث كان 28.1 لكلّ من الالسّكان. أبدى التوزيع من الحدوث عبر
الدول من الاتّحاد فيدراليّ حدّ أقصى من 49.5 نسبة مئويّة يسجّل
لنجد (و [نسّروا] أيّ كان قطعت من نجد). هذا عنى أنّ تلقّى كلّ
دولة فقر حدوث تحت 50 [بر سنت]. ب 1985, المواطنة (معدّلة)
فقر كان حدوث قد ارتفع إلى 46.3 نسبة مئويّة, مع الحدّ أقصى من 68.9 نسبة مئويّة
يسجّل في [بوش] (و [غمب] أيّ كان نحتت من [بوش]). بما أنّ في 1996,
وقف المعدل وطنيّة في 65.6 نسبة مئويّة مع [سكوتو], [كبّي] و [زمفرا] (كلّ
[بروف.]. مايك [إي.]. [أبدن] ال [ديركتور-جنرل], وطنيّة مركز لاقتصاديّة
إدارة وإدارة ([نسما]), إيبدان.
[كبن] اقتصاديّة & [فيننسل رفيو], [فول.]. 39 [ن0]. 4
قديمة [سكوتو] دولة) يسجّل الحدوث [هيغست] من 83.6 نسبة مئويّة; يتبع ب
[بوش] و [غمب] مع 83.5 [بر سنت]. بما أنّ في 2000, صدقت الحدوث الفقر كان
أن يتلقّى ارتفعت إلى 70 نسبة مئويّة في المستوى وطنيّة.
كان ال يزيد حدوث الفقر, على حدّ سواء ضمن وبين موقعات,
[إين سبيت وف] موردات مختلفة وجهود يبذل على [بوفرت-رلتد]
برامج وخطط في البلد, لذلك يقترح أنّ البرامج
وخطط كانوا غيرفعّال وغيرمؤثّر. [إين ث ليغت وف] الحاضرة حكومة
اهتمام عميقة لالواسع انتشار و [سكورجنغ] فقر, يراجع
هذا ورقة سابقة ومبادرات حاليّة في فقر تخفيف/تخفيض في نيجيريا,
ويفحص بعض إصدارات مناسبة على الطريق إلى الأمام. وفقا لذلك, قسم 2
نظرة عامّة بعض فقر تخفيف سياسات وبرنامج قبل القدوم
من الإدارة حاضرة بينما قسم 3 يقدّم حدث هامّ من حاليّة
فقر تخفيض جهود. يخاطب قسم 4 بعض إصدارات مناسبة على الطريق
إلى الأمام. يستنتج قسم 5 الورقة.
[إيي.]. كان نظرة عامّة من سابقة فقر تخفيف
برنامج وسياسات
[إيي.1] فقر تخفيف و [نأيشنل دفلوبمنت بلن]
[أونيت.ل] التدشين من فقر تخفيف برنامج تطوير
لجنة ([ببدك]) بالحكومة نيجيريّة في 1994, كلّ جهود في فقر
تخفيف أساسا [أد-هوك]. هو كان عموما الحالة أنّ فقر
تخفيف برنامج وإستراتيجيات كان لم يبلوروا وعزّزت
ضمن الأمة إجماليّة تطوير أهداف. حملت هذا منظرة من [كبن] اقتصاديّة & [فيننسل رفيو], [فول.]. 39 [ن0]. 4 مطالعة من ال [نأيشنل دفلوبمنت بلن] مختلفة على 1962-85 فترة, ووطنيّة تقدم خطط من 1990. يخطّط الأهمية خاصّة من ال [نأيشنل دفلوبمنت]/تقدم مفاصل على الحقيقة أنّ هم زوّدوا/يزوّد كثير من الهيكل للمطاردة من تطوير أهداف منذ الحالة بلوغ من
استقلال سياسيّة في 1960. هو يستطيع كنت لاحظت من الخطة وثائق أنّ "الهدف أوّليّة [إكنوميك بلنّينغ] في نيجيريا يكون الحالة بلوغ من زيادة سريعة في الأمة [برودوكتيف كبستي] بصدد يحسن المعايير حيّة من الالناس". يقترح هذا بيان بعض اهتمام مع فقر تخفيض أيّ يستلزم
يحسن معيار من يعيش. مهما, فقر تخفيف كان أهداف مماسيّة ولا أهداف بيّنة من [ألّ ث] خطط. تضمّن الأهداف [بوفرت-رلتد] أثناء 1962-85:
[()] زيادة في [بر كبيتا ينكم];
[(ب)] أكثر يتساوى [ديستريبوأيشن وف ينكم];
[(ك)] تخفيض في المستوى البطالة; و
[(د)] زيادة في الإمداد تموين من قوّة بشريّة رفيع المستوى.
في عرق متّصلة, الأولى وطنيّة تقدم تلقّى خطة, [أمونغ وثر ثينغس], الأهداف من:
* يخلق [إمبلومنت وبّورتثنيتي] وافرة ك [منس] من
يحتوي البطالة مشكلة;
و* يحسن المستوى من حالة وعي [سسو-بوليتيكل] من الالناس وبعيد يقوّي القاعدة لاقتصاد [مركت-ورينتد] ويخفّف التأثير صدمة عكسيّة من ال [إكنوميك دوون-تثرن] على ال أكثر يتأثّر مجموعة. [كبن] اقتصاديّة & [فيننسل رفيو], [فول.]. 39 [ن0]. 4 رغم أنّ لا بيانات مباشرة اهتمام مع فقر تخفيف, ال [فورغينغ] يتلقّون تضمنات لفقر. مثلا, إن هناك يكون زيادة في [بر-كبيتا] دخل, في وقت واحد مع أكثر يتساوى [ديستريبوأيشن وف ينكم], قاد مثل هذا إلى فقر تخفيض. تخفيض في المستوى البطالة تصوّريّا [نسسّري كنديأيشن] لتحقيق من يزاد دخل [بر-كبيتا]. احتويت البيان قريبة
مباشرة اهتمام مع فقر في الخطة ثالثة ([فرن], 1975:29):
… ليس تطوير فقط أمر الحالة نموّ في [بر كبيتا ينكم]. هو يمكن
أن يسجّل [غرووث رت] عال في [بر كبيتا ينكم] بينما ال [مسّ] من الالناس
يستمرّون أن يكون في فقر دنيء ويفتقر في الحاجات أساسيّة حياة,
بشكل خاصّ في حالة بما أنّ في نيجيريا اليوم, حيث القوة اندفاع الحالة نموّ
يستنتج من قطاعة الذي تأثير صدمة مباشرة على الشحن من الالسّكان يكون صغيرة.
هدف مهمّة من الخطة, لذلك, أن ينشر الفوائد
التطور اقتصادي لذلك اختبر النيجيريّ يتّسم تحسين
في معياره من يعيش.
ومع ذلك, في ال نفسه عرق بما أنّ اهتمام مع فقر تخفيف كان يستنتج
ولا هدف مباشرة, الإستراتيجيات في الخطة [ب] لم [لوسدلي] مباشرة
وبوضوح مواصفة.
عموما, ال يبدي أولويات وإستراتيجيات يعلن في في الواقع [ألّ ث] خطط
تحت مرجع أنّ [أغريكلتثرل برودوكأيشن] كان دائما وافقت
الأولوية [هيغست] ([فرن]) (1990: 17); [فرن] (1981: 37); [فرن] (1970: 35) - رغم أنّ,
الخطة ثالثة أكّد التطوير متبادلة من زراعة وصناعة
لحالة نموّ متوازنة ([فرن], 1975: 30). حتّى في الإنشائيّة [أدجوستمنت بروغرمّ]
وثيقة, اعتبرت زراعة كان واحدة من القطاعات حرجة الذي
[كبن] اقتصاديّة & [فيننسل رفيو], [فول.]. 39 [ن0]. 4
كان ردّ اعتبار حاسمة إلى النجاح من البرنامج ([فرن], 1986:8).
تلازم ال [أغريكلتثرل دفلوبمنت], أو [أبنج] ه, تطوير ريفيّة.
شبكت ضدّ الخلفيّة أنّ الفقراء يكون [بربوندرنتلي] حدثت في [رورل را],
وفي الدّرجة الأولى في زراعة, الإتفاق من أولوية [هيغست] إلى زراعة
في الخطة وثائق اقترح تنظيم [ففووربل] نحو فقر
تخفيف.
من ال [فورغينغ], اثنان مقاربة بارزة إلى فقر تخفيف استطاع
كنت قلت أن يتلقّى أظهرت [بروميننتلي] في نيجيريا [نأيشنل دفلوبمنت بلن]
وتخطيط. هذا النموّ اقتصاديّ إستراتيجية أنّ يفترض ال ينضّ
إلى أسفل من الفوائد الحالة نموّ إلى الفقراء, والإستراتيجية من ريفيّة/[أغريكلتثرل دفلوبمنت]. حقّا, تطوير ريفيّة استطاع كنت شاهدت بما أنّ يتلقّى يكون مركزية
إلى نيجيريا فقر تخفيف إستراتيجيات. والمركز - قد كان قطعة من ال [دفلوبمنت بوليسي] ريفيّة
[أغريكلتثرل دفلوبمنت], يكمّل باجتماعيّة
و [إكنوميك ينفرستروكتثر]. [فور ا لونغ تيم] الآن, الحالة نموّ ليس أداء من
البلد يتلقّى مرضية, مع حالة نموّ سلبيّة في النصف أولى من
الثمانينات وحالة نموّ منخفضة جدّا منذ 1992 (معدل من 2.5 نسبة مئويّة من 1992-
1999). حتّى في فترات النموّ اقتصاديّ, لم يختبر
نيجيريّ هامّة أو مناسبة فقر تخفيض. في 1985-1992, كان هناك
زيادة خفيفة في [غدب] و [بر كبيتا ينكم], وهناك كان قطرة خفيفة في
إجماليّة فقر [هدكونت] مستوى (من 46.3 [تو42.7] نسبة مئويّة), غير أنّ تباين
[وورسن] [د] وال [كر-بوور] لم يشارك في الحالة نموّ بما أنّ العمق وقساوة
الفقر لم يحسن بشكل ملحوظ. هذا يقترح الحاجة لإستراتيجية
الحالة نموّ مع عدالة لفقر تخفيض.
في مجموعة, [ويثين ث فرموورك وف] ال [نأيشنل دفلوبمنت بلن],
الضمنيّة كان يفكّر أنّ علاقة إيجابيّة تواجد حالة نموّ في ال [غدب] و
[كبن] اقتصاديّة & [فيننسل رفيو], [فول.]. 39 [ن0]. 4
يزاد خير ل ال [ستيزنري] عامّة. [أند س,] لم يتضمّن المقاربة إلى فقر
تخفيف بما أنّ عبّر عن في الأهداف أساسيّة من ال [دفلوبمنت بلن]
سياسات وبرنامج أيّ مباشرة استهدف الفقراء. توقّعت
الفقراء كان ضمنا أن يستفيد من ال "نضاضة - إلى أسفل جهود" من
العملية إجماليّة تطوير. غير أنّ ليس هذا يتلقّى الحالة. وهكذا حالة نموّ
ينبغي كنت رافقت بسياسة متعمّدة من يستهدف تدخلات.
[إيي.2] حكومة صمّمت برنامج وسياسات يرتبط إلى فقر
[إين ث ليغت وف] الحكومة اهتمام لفقر تخفيض, يتعدّد
سياسات وبرنامج يتلقّى يكون [أت ون تيم] أو آخر, [إيف نوت] أن
يلتقي الحاجات خاصّة من الفقراء, على الأقلّ أن يبلغهم. أحضر القدوم من ال
[أدجوستمنت بروغرمّ] إنشائيّة [إين1986] خارجا أكثر [فورسفولّي] الحاجة
لسياسات وبرنامج أن يخفّف فقر وزوّدت أمان شبك
لالفقراء. نشأ هذا توكيد من حالة وعي من التأثيرات
غير مخطط له سلبيّة من إنشائيّة تعديل سياسات على المجموعة حصينة في المجتمعة. بينما
تعديل إنشائيّة تلقّى تأثيراته صحّيّة على نموّ اقتصاديّ, افتقر
هو توكيد على تطوير وأيضا أكّد مشاكل [سسو-كنوميك] من
دخل تباين, منفذة غير متساو إلى طعام, مأوى, تربية, صحة وأخرى
حاجات الحياة. هو حقّا, يفاقم الحدوث الفقر بين [ما] مجموعة [ني]
حصينة في المجتمعة.
نتيجة التدهور مستمرّة من شروط حيّة [إين ث لت]
ثمانينات, عدّة فقر تخفيف أتى برنامج [أن بوأرد]. هم كان
صمّمت أن يصدم إيجابيّا على الفقراء. [بي ث ند وف] 1998, كان هناك [سإكستين]
فقر تخفيف مؤسسات في البلد. في 1994, ثبت الحكومة فوق
إعتماد واسع فقر تخفيف برنامج تطوير لجنة ([ببدك])
[أوندر ث جس وف] الدرع من الوطنيّة تخطيط عمولة. ال [كبن] أوّليّة
اقتصاديّة & [فيننسل رفيو], [فول.]. 39 [ن0]. 4
كان هدف من ال [ببدك] أن [أدفيز] الحكومة على التصميم, تنسيق
وتزويد من فقر تخفيف برنامج. أسهم
عمله جدّا إلى الظهور من مقاربة جديدة إلى التصميم ومنظمة من
فقر تخفيف برنامج يتكبّد في الإقامة في 1996 من ال
[كمّونيتي كأيشن] برنامج لفقر تخفيف ([كبّا]). [كبّا]
جماعة يؤسّس مقاربة أيّ يتبنّى إدماج من أموال اجتماعيّة واجتماعيّة
عمل إستراتيجية. ال [كبّا] سحب وثيقة كثيرا من ال [بست إكسبرينس] على
فقر تخفيض جهود في البلد ومحاولات أن يضمن أنّ الفقراء
ليس فحسب حملت جانبا في التصميم وتزويد من فقر مشاريع أنّ
يأثرهم غير أنّ أنّ الفقراء بنفسي واقعيّا يصيغون ويدير
الفقر مشاريع. قد اعتنق وكالات مختلفة (حكومة, معط و [نغس]) يتضمّن في
فقر تخفيف في البلد ال [كبّا] إستراتيجية. أيضا, في
1996, مسوّدة وطنيّة فقر تخفيف سياسة أنتجت وثيقة كان
بالحكومة من خلال الوطنيّة تخطيط عمولة. دفعه
التحسين في خير إنسانيّة في الفوقيّة ومستقبل بعيدة.
خصوصا, [ا نومبر وف] حكومة قد اتّجه برنامج يبدأ في الماض,
يحسن خدمات أساسيّة, بنية أساسيّة ويؤوي تسهيلات
للريفيّة والسّكان مدنيّة, يمدّد منفذة إلى اعتماد مزرعة مداخل,
ويخلق وظيفة. استهدفت أكثر من البرنامج كان, مهما, لا خصوصا
نحو الفقراء [, ثوو] هم يأثرونهم. هناك برنامج خاصّة [مولتيسكتور]
(ماء وصحّة وقائيّة, بيئة, [إتك]) [أس ولّ س] برنامج [سكتورسبسفيك]
في زراعة, صحة, تربية, نقل, إسكان, مالية,
صناعة/صناعة وتغذية. (يحتوي صندوق [إي] بعض حكومة
برنامج يرتبط إلى فقر). سجّلت بعض إنجازات يتلقّى يكون ب هذا
[بوفرت-رلأيشن] برنامج في المناطق من [فوود كروب] إنتاج, [كبن] زراعيّة
اقتصاديّة & [فيننسل رفيو], [فول.]. 39 [ن0]. 4
وصناعيّة إمتداد خدمات, رعاية صحيّة أوّليّة, تربية تسجيل, شاملة
عمليّة عبور برنامج وماليّة قطاعة خدمات من خلال الالناس بنك من
نيجيريا وجماعة بنوك. مهما, الحقيقة أنّ يبقى الحدوث الفقر
جدّا عال, الوجود من البرنامج مختلفة على الرغم من,
نقطات إلى الحالة لانجاعة من الإستراتيجيات وبرنامج. قد أسهم [ا نومبر وف]
عاملات إلى الإخفاق من سابقة [بوفرت-رلتد] برامج
وجهود. بعض من هم:
[(ي)] افتقار من يستهدف آلية لالفقراء والحقيقة أنّ أكثر من
البرنامج لا ركّز على مباشرة على الفقراء.
[(يي)] سياسيّة وسياسة قد نتج حالة عدم إستقرار في متكرّرة سياسة تغيرات
وتزويد متناقضة أيّ بالتّالي قد منع تقدم مستمرّة
.
[(ييي)] قد نتج تنسيق وافية من البرنامج مختلفة في كلّ
مؤسسة يوفي ه خاصّة أنشطة مع ناتجة [أف فّورت] وإستعمال غيرفعّال من موردات محدودة. قاد يتراكب أعمال
أخيرا إلى تشريعيّة منافسة ونزاعات.
[(يف)] قاسية متعلّق بالميزانيّة, إدارة وحكم قد أحزن
مشاكل أكثر من البرنامج, [رسولتينغ ين] تسهيلات لا يكون يتمّ,
يختلّ وعن تخلّى, [أونستفّد] وجهّز.
[(ف)] افتقار من مسؤولية وشفافية بذلك يجعل البرنامج
أن يخدم كمجرى أنابيب ل يصرّح موردات وطنيّة.
[(في)] يجاوز مجال الأنشطة من كثير مؤسسات, [رسولتينغ ين]
موردات يكون ينشر أيضا بضعف على [توو مني] أنشطة. مثل
[دفرّي] وجيّدة حياة برنامج أيّ غطّى تقريبا كلّ قطاعة
ويتراكب مع كثير أخرى برنامج موجودة.
[كبن] اقتصاديّة & [فيننسل رفيو], [فول.]. 39 [ن0]. 4
[(فيي)] غيرمناسب برنامج تصميم يعكس افتقار من تورط
المستفيدات في الصياغة وتزويد البرنامج.
بالتّالي, لم يحثّ مستفيدات كان أن يعيّنبنفسي
بشكل كاف مع التزويد ناجحة من البرامج.
[(فييي)] غياب الهدف يثبت لوزارات, وكالات وبرنامج.
[(يإكس)] غياب من فعّالة تعاون وتكامل بين الثلاثة
صفوف الحكومة.
[(إكس)] غياب من يوافق فقر تخفيض جدول أنّ يستطيع كنت استعملت بكلّ
يقلق - حكومة فيديراليّة, دولة حكومات, حكومة محلّيّة. [نغس], والجماعة دوليّة متبرّع.
([إكسي]) افتقر أكثر من البرنامج آلية ل [سوستينبيليتي] هم.
يتضمّن صندوق 1
بعض حكومة برنامج يرتبط إلى فقر
برنامج متعدّد قطاعات: المديرية وطنيّة وظيفة,
أيّ يتألّف أربعة برنامج رئيسيّة: المهنيّة مهارات [دفلوبمنت بروغرمّ], الخاصّة [بوبليك ووركس] برنامج, الصغيرة مقياس مشاريع
برنامج, والزراعة وظيفة برنامج; المديرية من
طعام, طرق وبنية أساسيّة ريفيّة, أيّ يساند في الدّرجة الأولى ريفيّة بنية أساسيّة
مشاريع; والجيّدة حياة استهدف برنامج, أيّ يساند كثرة
البرنامج في نساء, بما في ذلك زراعة وإمتداد خدمات,
تربية و [فوكأيشنل ترينينغ], [كتّج يندوستري] وطعام يعالج, أوّليّة
رعاية صحيّة تسليم وتنوير/حالة وعي وتعاونيات. استبدلت الأخرى
الآن ب [فميلي] دعم برنامج.
[كبن] اقتصاديّة & [فيننسل رفيو], [فول.]. 39 [ن0]. 4
صندوق 1 [كنتد].
زراعة قطاعة يتضمّن برامج الزراعة [دفلوبمنت بروغرمّ]; الوطنيّة [أغريكلتثرل لند] تطوير سلطة,
الاستراتيجيّة [غرين رسرف] برنامج. البرنامج ل يسرع قمح
إنتاج, [أس ولّ س] التطوير من [أرتيسنل] سماكة, صغيرة [روميننت]
إنتاج, مرعى ويجلط احتياطيات. يروّج هذا برنامج [أوتيليزأيشن وف لند]
موردات من خلال يساعد [لند دفلوبمنت], إمداد تموين من مزرعة مداخل
وخدمات واعتماد إمتداد إلى [فرمرس], ودعم تشريعيّة لإنتاج
تسويق تعاونيات.
صحة قطاعة يتضمّن برنامج الأوّليّة رعاية صحيّة خطة, أيّ
يتّجه يزوّد على الأقلّ واحدة صحة مركز في كلّ حكومة محلّيّة; وال
[غين-وورم] استئصال برنامج, يطلق في 1988 مع مساندة من وكالات متبرّع
بما في ذلك [أونيسف], أيّ يساند صحة تدخلات أن يضبط
إسهال أمراض, استأصلت [غين-وورم], وروّجت تغيرات في معرفة,
مواقف وممارسات [رلتينغ تو] ماء إستعمال, مبرزات تصرف وحالة حفظ صحّة عامّة.
عطّلت الفعالية من ال [فك] برنامج كان بوافية يموّل
من [لغس], وافتقار التجهيز, عقارات أساسيّة, ودرّب قوّة بشريّة.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
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BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
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would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
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communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
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Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
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