POVERTY REDUCTION IN NIGERIA: THE WAY FORWARD

1. INTRODUCTION
The description of Nigeria as a paradox by the World Bank (1996) has continued
to be confirmed by events and official statistics in the country. The paradox is
that the poverty level in Nigeria contradicts the country’s immense wealth.
Among other things, the country is enormously endowed with human,
agricultural, petroleum, gas, and large untapped solid mineral resources.
Particularly worrisome is that the country earned over US$300 billion from one
resource – petroleum – during the last three decades of the twentieth century. But
rather than record remarkable progress in national socio -economic development,
Nigeria retrogressed to become one of the 25 poorest countries at the threshold of
twenty-first century whereas she was among the richest 50 in the early-1970s.
Official statistics show that in 1980 the national (average) poverty
incidence was 28.1 per of the population. The distribution of the incidence across
the states of the federation showed a maximum of 49.5 per cent recorded for
Plateau (and Nassarawa which was excised from Plateau). This meant that every
state had a poverty incidence below 50 per cent. By 1985, the national (average)
poverty incidence had risen to 46.3 per cent, with the maximum of 68.9 per cent
recorded in Bauchi (and Gombe which was carved out of Bauchi). As at 1996,
the national average stood at 65.6 per cent with Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara (all
Prof. Mike I. Obadan is the Director General, National Centre for Economic
Management and Administration (NCEMA), Ibadan.
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old Sokoto State) recording the highest incidence of 83.6 per cent; followed by
Bauchi and Gombe with 83.5 per cent. As at 2000, the incidence of poverty was
believed to have risen to 70 per cent at the national level.
The increasing incidence of poverty, both within and among locations,
was in spite of various resources and efforts exerted on poverty-related
programmes and schemes in the country, thus suggesting that the programmes and
schemes were ineffective and ineffectual. In the light of the present government’s
deep concern for the widespread and scourging poverty, this paper reviews
previous and current initiatives at poverty alleviation/reduction in Nigeria, and
examines some pertinent issues on the way forward. Accordingly, Section 2
overviews some poverty alleviation policies and programmes prior to the advent
of the present administration while Section 3 presents highlights of current
poverty reduction efforts. Section 4 addresses some pertinent issues on the way
forward. Section 5 concludes the paper.

II. OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS POVERTY ALLEVIATION
PROGRAMMES AND POLICIES
II.1 Poverty Alleviation and National Development Plans
Unit.l The inauguration of a Poverty Alleviation Programme Development
Committee (PAPDC) by the Nigerian government in 1994, all efforts at poverty
alleviation were essentially ad-hoc. It was generally the case that poverty
alleviation programmes and strategies were not crystallised and consolidated
within the nation’s overall development objectives. This view is borne out of a CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4 perusal of the various National Development Plans over 1962-85 period, and National Rolling Plans from 1990. The particular significance of the National
Development/Rolling Plans hinges on the fact that they provided/provide much of the framework for the pursuit of development objectives since the attainment of
political independence in 1960. It can be observed from the Plan documents that “the primary goal of economic planning in Nigeria is the attainment of rapid increase in the nation’s productive capacity with a view to improving the living standards of the people”. This statement suggests some concern with poverty reduction which entails
improved standard of living. However, poverty alleviation objectives were tangential and not explicit objectives of all the plans. The poverty-related objectives during 1962-85 included:

(a) increase in per capita income;
(b) more even distribution of income;
(c) reduction in the level of unemployment; and
(d) increase in the supply of high level manpower.

In a related vein, the First National Rolling Plan had, among other things, the objectives of:

* Creating ample employment opportunities as a means of
containing the unemployment problem; and

* enhancing the level of socio-political awareness of the people and further strengthening the base for a market-oriented economy and mitigating the adverse impact of the economic down-turn on the most affected groups. CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4 Although not direct statements of concern with poverty alleviation, the foregoing have implications for poverty. For example, if there is an increase in per-capita income, simultaneously with more even distribution of income, such would
lead to poverty reduction. Reduction in the level of unemployment is conceivably a necessary condition for realization of increased income per-capita. The closest
direct statement of concern with poverty is contained in the Third Plan (FRN, 1975:29):
…development is not just a matter of growth in per capita income. It is possible
to record a high growth rate in per capita income while the masses of the people
continue to be in abject poverty and lacking in the basic necessities of life,
particularly in a situation as in Nigeria today, where the momentum of growth
derives from a sector whose direct impact on the bulk of the population is small.
An important objective of the plan, therefore, is to spread the benefits of
economic development so the Nigerian would experience a marked improvement
in his standard of living.
Nonetheless, in the same vein as concern with poverty alleviation was a derived
and not a direct objective, the strategies in the plan were not lucidly direct and
explicitly specific.
Generally, the priorities and strategies enunciated in virtually all the Plans
under reference show that agricultural production was always accorded the
highest priority (FRN) (1990:17); FRN (1981:37); FRN (1970:35) – although, the
Third Plan emphasized the mutual development of agriculture and industry for
balanced growth (FRN,1975:30). Even in the structural adjustment programme
document, agriculture was considered one of the critical sectors whose
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rehabilitation would be crucial to the success of the programme (FRN, 1986:8).
A concomitance of agricultural development, or its apanage, is rural development.
Against the background that the poor are preponderantly located in rural areas,
and are mainly engaged in agriculture, the accord of highest priority to agriculture
in the plan documents would suggest favourable disposition towards poverty
alleviation.
From the foregoing, two distinct approaches to poverty alleviation could
be said to have featured prominently in Nigeria’s national development plans and
planning. These are the economic growth strategy that presumes the trickling
down of the benefits of growth to the poor, and the strategy of rural/agricultural
development. Indeed, rural development could be viewed as having been central
to Nigeria’s poverty alleviation strategies. And the center -piece of the rural
development policy has been agricultural development, complemented by social
and economic infrastructure. For a long time now, the growth performance of the
country has not been satisfactory, with negative growth in the first half of the
1980s and very low growths since 1992 (an average of 2.5 per cent from 1992-
1999). Even in periods of economic growth, Nigerians did not experience
considerable or commensurate poverty reduction. In 1985-1992, there was a
slight increase in GDP and per capita income, and there was a slight drop in
aggregate poverty headcount level (from 46.3 to42.7 per cent), but inequality
worsene d and the core-poor did not share in the growth as the depth and severity
of poverty did not improve significantly. This suggests the need for a strategy of
growth with equity for poverty reduction.
In sum, within the framework of the National Development Plans, the
implicit thinking was that a positive relationship existed growth in the GDP and
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increased welfare for the general citizenry. And so, the approach to poverty
alleviation as expressed in the fundamental objectives of the Development Plans
did not involve policies and programmes which directly targeted the poor. The
poor were implicitly expected to benefit from the “trickle -down efforts” of the
overall process of development. But this has not been the case. And so growth
must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of targeted interventions.
II.2 Government Programmes and Policies Related to Poverty
In the light of the government’s concern for poverty reduction, numerous
policies and programmes have been designed at one time or another, if not to
meet the special needs of the poor, at least to reach them. The advent of the
Structural Adjustment Programme in1986 brought out more forcefully the need
for policies and programmes to alleviate poverty and provide safety nets for the
poor. This emphasis arose from an awareness of the unintended negative effects
of structural adjustment policies on the vulnerable groups in the society. While
structural adjustment had its salutary effects on economic growth, it lacked
emphasis on development and also accentuated socio-economic problems of
income inequality, unequal access to food, shelter, education, health and other
necessities of life. It indeed, aggravated the incidence of poverty among ma ny
vulnerable groups in the society.
As a result of the continuous deterioration of living conditions in the late
1980s, several poverty alleviation programmes came on board. They were
designed to impact positively on the poor. By the end of 1998, there were sixteen
poverty alleviation institutions in the country. In 1994, the Government set up a
broad-based Poverty Alleviation Programme Development Committee (PAPDC)
under the aegis of the aegis of the National Planning Commission. The primary
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objective of the PAPDC was to advise the government on the design, coordination
and implementation of poverty alleviation programmes. Its work contributed
immensely to the emergence of a new approach to the design and organisation of
poverty alleviation programmes culminating in the establishment in 1996 of the
Community Action Programme for Poverty Alleviation (CAPPA). CAPPA is a
community based approach which adopts a combination of social funds and social
action strategy. The CAPPA document drew largely from the past experience on
poverty reduction efforts in the country and attempts to ensure that the poor are
not only carried along in the design and implementation of poverty projects that
affect them but that the poor themselves actually formulate and manage the
poverty projects. Various agencies (Government, Donors and NGOs) involved in
poverty alleviation in the country have embraced the CAPPA strategy. Also, in
1996, a draft National Poverty Alleviation Policy document was produced by the
Government through the National Planning Commission. Its thrust is the
improvement in human welfare in the immediate and distant future.
Specifically, a number of government programmes initiated in the past,
have aimed at improving basic services, infrastructure and housing facilities for
the rural and urban population, extending access to credit farm inputs, and
creating employment. Most of the programmes were, however, not specifically
targeted towards the poor, though they affect them. There are specific multisector
programmes (water and sanitation, environment, etc) as well as sectorspecific
programmes in agriculture, health, education, transport, housing, finance,
industry/manufacturing and nutrition. (Box I contains some government
programmes related to poverty). Some achievements have been recorded by these
poverty-relation programmes in the areas of food crop production, agricultural
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and industrial extension services, primary health care, education enrolment, mass
transit programme and financial sector services through the People’s Bank of
Nigeria and Community Banks. However, the fact that the incidence of poverty
remains very high, the existence of the various programmes notwithstanding,
points to the ineffectiveness of the strategies and programmes. A number of
factors have contributed to the failure of past poverty-related programmes and
efforts. Some of them are:
(i) lack of targeting mechanisms for the poor and the fact that most of the
programmes do not focus directly on the poor.
(ii) Political and policy instability have resulted in frequent policy changes
and inconsistent implementation which in turn have prevented continuous
progress.
(iii) Inadequate coordination of the various programmes has resulted in each
institution carrying out its own activities with resultant duplication of
effort and inefficient use of limited resources. Overlapping functions
ultimately led to institutional rivalry and conflicts.
(iv) Severe budgetary, management and governance problems have afflicted
most of the programmes, resulting in facilities not being completed,
broken down and abandoned, unstaffed and equipped.
(v) Lack of accountability and transparency thereby making the programmes
to serve as conduit pipes for draining national resources.
(vi) Overextended scope of activities of most institutions, resulting in
resources being spread too thinly on too many activities. Examples are
DFRRI and Better Life Programmes which covered almost every sector
and overlapped with many other existing programmes.
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(vii) Inappropriate programme design reflecting lack of involvement of
beneficiaries in the formulation and implementation of programmes.
Consequently, beneficiaries were not motivated to identify themselves
sufficiently with the successful implementation of the programmes.
(viii) Absence of target setting for Ministries, Agencies and Programmes.
(ix) Absence of effective collaboration and complementation among the three
tiers of government.
(x) Absence of agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all
concerned – Federal Government, State Governments, Local
Governments. NGOs, and the International Donor Community.
(xi) Most of the programmes lacked mechanisms for their sustainability.
Box 1
Some Government Programmes Related to Poverty
Multisectoral Programmes include: the National Directorate of Employment,
which consists of four main programmes: the Vocational Skills Development
Programme, the Special Public Works Programme, the Small Scale Enterprises
Programme, and the Agriculture Employment Programme; the Directorate of
Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure, which supports mainly rural infrastructure
projects; and the Better Life Programme, which supports a multitude of
programmes targeted at women, including agriculture and extension services,
education and vocational training, cottage industries and food processing, primary
health care delivery and enlightenment/awareness and cooperatives. The last is
now replaced by Family Support Programme.
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BOX 1 CONTD.
Agriculture Sector Programmes include the Agriculture Development
Programmes; the National Agricultural Land Development Authority, the
Strategic grains Reserves Programme. The Programme for Accelerated Wheat
Production, as well as the development of artisanal fishery, small ruminant
production, pasture and grazing reserves. These programmes promote utilization
of land resources through subsidized land development, supply of farm inputs and
services and credit extension to farmers, and institutional support for produce
marketing cooperatives.
Health Sector Programmes include the primary Health Care Scheme, which
aims at providing at least one health centre in every local government; and the
Guinea-worm Eradication Programme, launched in 1988 with assistance of donor
agencies including UNICEF, which supports health interventions to control
diarrhea diseases, eradicate guinea-worm, and promote changes in knowledge,
attitudes and practices relating to water use, excreta disposal and general hygiene.
The effectiveness of the PHC programme was hampered by inadequate funding
from the LGAs, and lack of equipment, essential drugs, and trained manpower.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
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BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
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only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
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and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
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· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
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State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
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related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
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activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
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Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
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What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
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map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
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would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
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disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
REFERENCES
Abdullahi, M. Yahoo (1993) The Design and Management of poverty Alleviation
projects in Africa. Washington, D. C.: Economic Development Institute
of the World Bank.
Aliu, A. (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP):
Completion, Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring, NAPEP
Secretariat, Abuja, April.
Besley, Timothy (1996), “Political Economy of Alleviating Poverty: Theory and
Institutions”, in M. Bruno and B. Pleskovic (eds), proceedings of the
Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World
Bank Washington, D.C.
Central Bank of Nigeria, Research Department (1999) Nigeria’s development
Prospects: Poverty Assessment and Alleviation Study (Abuja: CBN).
Fajingbesi, A.A. and E.O. Uga (2001a), “Plans, Programmes and Poverty
Alleviation Strategies in Nigeria”, in Integration of poverty Alleviation
Strategies into plans and programmes in Nigeria, NCEMA, Ibadan.
FRN (2001), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP): A Blueprint for
the Schemes, NAPEP Secretariat, Abuja, June.
NCEMA (1995), Integration of Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and
Programmes of Nigeria, Report of a National Workshop, Kaduna and
Ibadan, November – December.
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Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1995), “Community Action Programme
for Poverty Alleviation (CAPPA)”, Lagos.
Nigeria. National Planning Commission (1994), Government Policies and
Programmes to Reach the Poor”, Background paper to poverty
Assessment Studies (January).
Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Finance (2000)./ “Nigeria: CG Poverty Reduction
Paper”. Background paper for Consultative Group Meeting.
Obadan, M.I. (1996) “Analytical Framework for poverty Reduction: Issue of
Economic Growth Versus Other Strategies”, Proceedings of the 1996
Annual Conference of the Niger ia Economic Society (Ibadan: NES).
Obadan, M. I. (1996) “Poverty in Nigeria: Characteristics, Alleviation Strategies
and Programmes”, NCEMA Analysis Series, Vol. 2, No. 2.
Okowa, W.J. (1987), “Urban Bias in Nigerian Development Planning”, The
Nigeria Jour nal of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 29 (1), March.
Okumadewa, F. (1996) “Nigeria: Poverty Reducing Growth Strategies and
Options”. Proceedings of the CBN/World Bank Collaborative Study
Workshop on “Nigeria: Prospects for Development”. (Abuja: CBN).
Olayemi, J.K. (1995), “A Survey of Approaches to Poverty Alleviation”. A
Paper Presented at the NCEMA National Workshop on Integration of
Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and Programmes in Nigeria,
Ibadan, Nov. 27 – Dec. I.
The Presidency (2001), “Communique and Syndicate Groups Reports of the first
Retreat for Executive Governors and State Coordinators of the National
Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)”, Abuja, June 22 – 24.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Ukpong, S.J. (1996), “Putting People First: New Directions for Eradicating
Poverty”, A Paper Presented at the National Dialogue/Workshop on
Agenda for Sustainable Human Development in Nigeria, Organized by the UNDP
in port-Harcourt, 3-5 May.
World Bank (1996), Nigeria, Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The challenge of
Growth with Inclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank (1993), Poverty Reduction Handbook Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), Advancing Social Development. Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), “Distribution and Growth: Complements, Not
Compromises”. Policy Research Bulletin, vol. 6, No. 3 (May-July).

PAUVRETÉ REDUCTON AU NIGÉRIA, LA MANIÈRE EN AVANT
Automatically translated into French thanks to WorldLingo
RÉDUCTION DE PAUVRETÉ DU NIGÉRIA : LA MANIÈRE EXPÉDIENT

1. INTRODUCTION que
la description du Nigéria comme paradoxe par la banque mondiale (1996) a continué
à être confirmée par des événements et des statistiques de fonctionnaire dans le pays. Le paradoxe est
que le seuil de pauvreté au Nigéria contredit l'immense richesse du pays.
Entre autres, le pays est énormément doté d'humain,
agricole, pétrole, gaz, et grandes ressources minérales pleines inexploitées.
Particulièrement inquiétant est que le pays gagné US$300 fini milliard d'une
ressource - pétrole - pendant les trois dernières décennies du vingtième siècle. Mais
plutôt que le progrès remarquable de disque dans le développement socio-économique national,
Nigéria retrogressed pour devenir l'un des 25 pays les plus pauvres au seuil
du vingt et unième siècle tandis qu'elle était parmi les 50 les plus riches dans l'early-1970s.
Les statistiques officielles montrent que cela en 1980 l'incidence (moyenne) nationale
de pauvreté était 28.1 par de population. La distribution de l'incidence à travers
les états de la fédération a montré un maximum de 49.5 pour cent enregistrés pour
le plateau (et le Nassarawa ce qui a été excisé du plateau). Ceci a signifié que chaque
état a eu une incidence de pauvreté en-dessous de 50 pour cent. D'ici 1985, l'incidence (moyenne)
de pauvreté de national avait atteint 46.3 pour cent, avec le maximum de 68.9 pour cent
enregistrés dans Bauchi (et Gombe qui a été découpé hors de Bauchi). Comme à 1996,
la moyenne nationale s'est élevée à 65.6 pour cent avec Sokoto, Kebbi et Zamfara (tout le
prof. Mike I. Obadan est le directeur général, le centre national pour la gestion
économique et l'administration (NCEMA), Ibadan.
EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE ET FINANCIER DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. vieil
Sokoto état de 4) enregistrant l'incidence la plus élevée de 83.6 pour cent ; suivi
de Bauchi et de Gombe avec 83.5 pour cent. Comme à 2000, l'incidence de la pauvreté
était censée pour avoir atteint 70 pour cent au niveau national.
L'incidence croissante de la pauvreté, dans et parmi des endroits,
était malgré de diverses ressources et efforts exercés sur des programmes
et des arrangements pauvreté-connexes dans le pays, de ce fait suggérant que les programmes et
les arrangements aient été inefficaces et inefficaces. À la lumière du souci profond
du gouvernement actuel pour la pauvreté répandue et châtiante, cet article passe en revue
des initiatives précédentes et courantes à l'allégement/à réduction de pauvreté du Nigéria, et
examine quelques questions convenables sur le chemin en avant. En conséquence, vues d'ensemble de la section
2 quelques politiques d'allégement de pauvreté et programmes avant l'arrivée
de l'administration actuelle tandis que la section 3 présente des points culminants des efforts
courants de réduction de pauvreté. La section 4 adresse quelques questions convenables sur le chemin
en avant. La section 5 conclut le papier.

II. La VUE D'ENSEMBLE allégement de PAUVRETÉ d'ALLÉGEMENT
de pauvreté PRÉCÉDENTE de PROGRAMMES
ET de POLITIQUES II.1 et les programmes de développement nationaux
Unit.l l'inauguration d'un Comité d'élaboration de programme d'allégement
de pauvreté (PAPDC) par le gouvernement nigérien en 1994, tous les efforts à l'allégement
de pauvreté étaient essentiellement ads-hoc. C'était généralement le cas que des programmes
et les stratégies d'allégement de pauvreté n'ont pas été cristallisé et n'ont pas été consolidé
dans les objectifs globaux du développement de la nation. Cette vue est soutenue hors d'un EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE et FINANCIER de CBN, vol. N0 39. lecture 4 des divers programmes de développement nationaux plus de période 1962-85, et plans nationaux de roulement de 1990. La signification particulière du développement
national/du roulement projette des charnières sur le fait qu'elles ont fourni/fournissent une grande partie du cadre pour la poursuite des objectifs de développement depuis l'accomplissement
de l'indépendance politique en 1960. Il peut observer des documents de plan que « le but primaire de la planification économique au Nigéria est l'accomplissement de l'augmentation rapide de la capacité productive de la nation en vue d'améliorer les normes vivantes du peuple ». Ce rapport suggère du souci avec la réduction de pauvreté qui nécessite
le niveau amélioré la vie. Cependant, les objectifs d'allégement de pauvreté étaient des objectifs tangentiels et non explicites de tous plans. Les objectifs pauvreté-connexes pendant le 1962-85 inclus :

(a) augmentation par habitant du revenu ;
(b) une distribution du revenu plus égale ;
(c) réduction au niveau du chômage ; et
(d) augmentation de l'approvisionnement en main d'oeuvre à niveau élevé.

Dans une veine relative, le premier plan national de roulement a eu, entre autres, les objectifs de :

* Créant des offres d'emploi suffisantes en tant que moyens
de contenir le problème du chômage ; et

* augmentant le niveau de la conscience sociopolitique du peuple et autre renforçant la base pour une économie orientée vers le marché et atténuant l'impact défavorable de la diminution économique sur les groupes les plus affectés. EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE ET FINANCIER DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. 4 bien que les rapports non directs du souci avec l'allégement de pauvreté, l'antérieur aient des implications pour la pauvreté. Par exemple, s'il y a une augmentation du revenu par habitant, simultanément avec une distribution du revenu plus égale, tels
mèneraient à la réduction de pauvreté. La réduction au niveau du chômage est peut-être une condition nécessaire pour la réalisation du revenu accru par habitant. Le rapport
direct le plus étroit du souci avec la pauvreté est contenu dans le troisième plan (FRN, 1975:29) :
… le développement n'est pas simplement une question de croissance par habitant du revenu. Il est possible
d'enregistrer un taux de croissance élevé dans par habitant le revenu tandis que les masses du peuple
continuent à être la pauvreté vile et en manquant dans les nécessités de base de la vie,
en particulier dans une situation en tant qu'au Nigéria aujourd'hui, où l'élan de la croissance
dérive d'un secteur dont l'impact direct sur la partie de la population est petit.
Un objectif important du plan est, donc, d'écarter les avantages
du développement économique ainsi le nigérien éprouverait une amélioration marquée
de son niveau la vie.
Néanmoins, dans la même veine que le souci avec l'allégement de pauvreté était dérivée
et pas un objectif direct, les stratégies dans le plan n'étaient pas lucidly direct et
explicitement détail.
Généralement, les priorités et les stratégies déclarées dans pratiquement tous plans
sous la référence prouvent que la production agricole a été toujours accordée
la priorité la plus élevée (FRN) (1990 : 17) ; FRN (1981 : 37) ; FRN (1970 : 35) - bien que,
le troisième plan a souligné le développement mutuel de l'agriculture et de l'industrie pour
la croissance équilibrée (FRN, 1975 : 30). Même dans le document structural de programme d'adaptation
, l'agriculture a été considérée un des secteurs critiques l'EXAMEN
ÉCONOMIQUE et FINANCIER dont du CBN, vol. N0 39. la réadaptation
4 serait cruciale au succès du programme (FRN, 1986:8).
Un concomitance de développement agricole, ou son apanage, est développement rural.
Sur le fond que les pauvres sont preponderantly situé dans des secteurs ruraux,
et sont principalement engagés dans l'agriculture, l'entente de la priorité la plus élevée à l'agriculture
dans les documents de plan suggérerait la disposition favorable vers l'allégement
de pauvreté.
De ce qui précède, on a pu dire que deux approches distinctes
à l'allégement de pauvreté comportent en évidence dans les programmes de développement et la planification nationaux
du Nigéria. Ce sont la stratégie de croissance économique qui présume l'écoulement
vers le bas des avantages de la croissance aux pauvres, et la stratégie de développement rural/
agricole. En effet, le développement rural a pu être regardé comme après avoir été central
aux stratégies d'allégement de la pauvreté du Nigéria. Et le centre - le morceau de la politique
de développement rurale a été développement agricole, complété par l'infrastructure
sociale et. Pendant longtemps maintenant, l'exécution de croissance
du pays n'a pas été satisfaisante, avec la croissance négative de la première moitié
des années 80 et des croissances très basses depuis 1992 (une moyenne de 2.5 pour cent de 1992-
1999). Même en quelques périodes de croissance économique, les nigériens n'ont pas éprouvé
la réduction considérable ou proportionnée de pauvreté. En 1985-1992, il y avait
une légère augmentation de PIB et par habitant de revenu, et il y avait une légère baisse dans
le niveau global d'effectif de pauvreté (de 46.3 pour cent to42.7), mais le worsene
d d'inégalité et le noyau-pauvre n'a pas partagé dans la croissance car la profondeur et la sévérité
de la pauvreté ne se sont pas améliorées de manière significative. Ceci suggère le besoin de stratégie
de croissance avec des capitaux propres pour la réduction de pauvreté.
Dans la somme, dans le cadre des programmes de développement nationaux,
la pensée implicite était qu'un rapport positif a existé croissance du PIB et
de l'EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE et FINANCIER de CBN, vol. N0 39. bien-être
accru par 4 pour l'ensemble des habitants général. Et ainsi, l'approche à l'allégement
de pauvreté comme exprimé en objectifs fondamentaux des programmes de développement
n'a pas impliqué les politiques et les programmes qui ont directement visé les pauvres. On s'est implicitement attendu à ce que
les pauvres tirent bénéfice du « filet - vers le bas efforts »
du processus global du développement. Mais ce n'a pas été le cas. Et ainsi la croissance
doit être accompagnée d'une politique délibérée des interventions visées.
Des programmes du gouvernement II.2 et les politiques liés à la pauvreté
à la lumière du souci du gouvernement pour la réduction de pauvreté, les nombreuses
politiques et les programmes ont été conçus en même temps ou des autres, sinon
pour satisfaire les besoins spéciaux des pauvres, de les atteindre au moins. L'arrivée
du programme d'adaptation structural in1986 a apporté dehors plus avec force le besoin
des politiques et des programmes d'alléger la pauvreté et de fournir des filets de sûreté pour
les pauvres. Cette emphase a résulté d'une conscience des effets négatifs fortuits
des politiques structurales d'ajustement sur les groupes vulnérables dans la société. Tandis que
l'ajustement structural avait ses effets salutaires sur la croissance économique, elle a manqué
de l'emphase sur le développement et a également accentué des problèmes socio-économiques
de l'inégalité de revenu, de l'accès inégal à la nourriture, de l'abri, de l'éducation, de la santé et d'autres
nécessités de la vie. Il en effet, aggravé l'incidence de la pauvreté parmi les groupes vulnérables
ny de mA dans la société.
En raison de la détérioration continue des conditions vivantes vers la fin
des années 80, plusieurs programmes d'allégement de pauvreté sont venus à bord. Ils
ont été conçus pour effectuer franchement sur les pauvres. Vers la fin de 1998, il y avait seize
établissements d'allégement de pauvreté dans le pays. En 1994, le gouvernement a établi
un Comité offrant tout l'éventail de produits d'élaboration de programme d'allégement de pauvreté (PAPDC)
sous l'égide de l'égide de la Commission nationale de planification. EXAMEN
ÉCONOMIQUE et FINANCIER Du CBN primaire, vol. N0 39. l'objectif
4 du PAPDC était de conseiller le gouvernement sur la conception, la coordination
et l'exécution des programmes d'allégement de pauvreté. Son travail a contribué
immensément à l'apparition d'une nouvelle approche à la conception et à l'organisation
des programmes d'allégement de pauvreté aboutissant à l'établissement dans 1996
du programme d'action communautaire pour l'allégement de pauvreté (CAPPA). CAPPA est
une approche basée par communauté qui adopte une combinaison des fonds sociaux et de la stratégie
sociale d'action. Le document de CAPPA a tiré en grande partie de l'expérience antérieure sur
des efforts de réduction de pauvreté dans le pays et des tentatives de s'assurer que les pauvres
sont non seulement portés le long dans la conception et l'exécution des projets de pauvreté qui
les affectent mais qui les pauvres eux-mêmes réellement formulent et contrôlent
les projets de pauvreté. Les diverses agences (gouvernement, donateurs et O.N.G.s) impliquées dans
l'allégement de pauvreté dans le pays ont embrassé la stratégie de CAPPA. En outre, en
1996, un document national de politique d'allégement de pauvreté d'ébauche a été produit par
le gouvernement par la Commission nationale de planification. Sa poussée est
l'amélioration du bien-être humain dans un avenir immédiat et éloigné.
Spécifiquement, un certain nombre de programmes de gouvernement lancés dans le passé,
ont destiné à améliorer les services de base, l'infrastructure et loger des équipements
à la population rurale et urbaine, prolonger l'accès aux entrées de ferme de crédit, et
créer l'emploi. La plupart des programmes, cependant,
ont été pas spécifiquement visées vers les pauvres, bien qu'elles les affectent. Il y a des programmes multisectoriels
spécifiques (l'eau et hygiène, environnement, etc.) aussi bien que des programmes
sectorspecific en agriculture, santé, éducation, transport, logement, finances,
industrie/fabrication et nutrition. (La boîte I contient quelques programmes
de gouvernement liés à la pauvreté). Quelques accomplissements ont été enregistrés par ces
programmes de pauvreté-relation dans les régions de la production de récolte vivrière, de l'EXAMEN
ÉCONOMIQUE et FINANCIER de CBN agricole, vol. N0 39. 4
et services de prolongation industriels, santé primaire, inscription d'éducation, programme
de masse de passage et services financiers de secteur par la banque des personnes
du Nigéria et des banques de la Communauté. Cependant, le fait que l'incidence de la pauvreté
demeure très haute, l'existence malgré des divers programmes,
des points à l'inefficacité des stratégies et des programmes. Un certain nombre
de facteurs ont contribué à l'échec des programmes et des efforts pauvreté-connexes
passés. Certains d'entre eux sont :
(i) manque de viser des mécanismes pour les pauvres et le fait que la plupart
des programmes ne concentrent pas directement sur les pauvres.
(ii) L'instabilité politique et de politique ont eu comme conséquence les modificatons de police fréquentes
et l'exécution contradictoire qui à leur tour ont empêché le progrès
continu.
(iii) La coordination insatisfaisante des divers programmes a eu comme conséquence chaque
établissement effectuant ses propres activités avec la duplication des efforts
résultante et l'utilisation inefficace des ressources limitées. Fonctions de recouvrement
finalement menées à la rivalité et aux conflits institutionnels.
(iv) Les problèmes graves budgétaires, de gestion et de gouvernement ont affligé
la plupart des programmes, ayant pour résultat des équipements n'étant pas accompli,
décomposés et non abandonnés, unstaffed et les ont équipé.
(v) Manque de responsabilité et de transparent faisant de ce fait les programmes
pour servir de pipes de conduit à vidanger les ressources nationales.
(vi) Portée étendue des activités de la plupart des établissements, ayant pour résultat
des ressources étant écartées trop légèrement sur trop d'activités. Les exemples sont
DFRRI et meilleurs programmes de la vie qui ont couvert presque chaque secteur
et recouvrents avec beaucoup d'autres programmes existants.
EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE ET FINANCIER DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. (vii)
manque se reflétant de conception inadéquate du programme 4 de participation
des bénéficiaires dans la formulation et d'exécution des programmes.
En conséquence, des bénéficiaires n'ont pas été motivés pour s'identifier
suffisamment avec l'exécution réussie des programmes.
(viii) Absence de cible plaçant pour des ministères, des agences et des programmes.
(ix) Absence de collaboration et de complémentation efficaces parmi les trois
rangées du gouvernement.
(x) Absence d'ordre du jour convenu de réduction de pauvreté qui peut être employée par tout l'
intéressé - gouvernement fédéral, gouvernements d'état, gouvernements
locaux. O.N.G.s, et la Communauté de distributeur internationale.
(XI) La plupart des programmes ont manqué des mécanismes pour leur durabilité.
La boîte programmes
de 1 quelques gouvernement liés aux programmes
multisectoriels de pauvreté incluent : la direction nationale de l'emploi,
qui se compose de quatre programmes principaux : le programme de développement professionnel
de qualifications, le programme spécial de travaux publics, le programme d'entreprises à échelle réduite
, et le programme d'emploi d'agriculture ; la direction
de la nourriture, des routes et de l'infrastructure rurale, qui soutient principalement des projets ruraux
d'infrastructure ; et le programme meilleur de la vie, qui soutient une multitude
de programmes a visé aux femmes, y compris des services d'agriculture et de prolongation,
l'éducation et la formation professionnelle, des industries familiales et la transformation des produits alimentaires, la livraison
et éclaircissement primaire de santé/conscience et coopératives. Le bout
est maintenant remplacé par programme de soutien de Family.
EXAMEN ÉCONOMIQUE ET FINANCIER DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. 4
BOÎTE 1 CONTD.
Les programmes de secteur d'agriculture incluent les programmes de développement
d'agriculture ; l'autorité nationale de développement de région agricole,
le programme stratégique de réservations de grains. Le programme pour la production accélérée
de blé, aussi bien que le développement de la pêche d'artisanal, la production faible
de ruminant, pâturage et réservations de pâturage. Ces programmes favorisent l'utilisation
des ressources de la terre par le développement de terrain subventionné, l'approvisionnement en entrées de ferme et
services et prolongation de crédit aux fermiers, et le soutien institutionnel des coopératives
de vente de produit.
Les programmes de secteur de santé incluent l'arrangement primaire de santé, qui
vise à fournir au moins un centre de santé dans chaque gouvernement local ; et
le programme d'extirpation de Guinée-ver, lancé en 1988 avec l'aide des agences
de distributeur comprenant l'UNICEF, qui soutient des interventions de santé pour commander
les maladies de diarrhée, pour supprimer le Guinée-ver, et pour favoriser des changements de la connaissance,
des attitudes et des pratiques concernant l'utilisation de l'eau, disposition d'excréta et hygiène générale.
L'efficacité du programme de PHC a été entravée par le financement insatisfaisant
à partir du LGAs, et le manque d'équipement, drogues essentielles, et a formé la main d'oeuvre.
The Guinea-worm Eradication Programme succeeded in reducing the number of
reported guinea-worm cases from 650,000 in 1988 to 222,000 by the end of 1992.
In the Education Sector, the Nomadic Education Programme developed
curricula for nomadic education, trained nomadic teachers, and provided
infrastructure for the nomadic schools; additional programmes were targeted
towards girls education, women and children in exceptionally difficult
circumstances, and adult literacy.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
BOX 1 CONTD.
In the Transport Sector, the Federal Urban Mass Transit Progam was
established in 1988 to rescue the public transport system from imminent collapse.
New buses were put into public service and loan schemes helped cooperatives and
private operators acquire transport vehicles. However, the demand for public
transportation in many urban areas continues to outstrip supply.
In the Housing Sector, a Sites and Services Scheme commenced in 1987 to
increase the supply of land for residential development by all income groups. The
programme consists of site clearance, construction of concrete drains and culverts,
etc. However, shortage of funds resulted in non-payment of compensation to
former owners of assets in the acquired areas, and non-development of essential
infrastructure such as access roads, water, power supply, etc.
Financial Sector Programmes include a few initiatives begun in 1989/90: the
National Economic Reconstruction Fund which provide long-term loans at
concessionary interest rates to promote small and medium scale industrial
projects; the People’s Bank of Nigeria which extends credit to the poor who could
not have access to the credit facilities available in the commercial and merchant
banks; and the Community Banking Scheme which provides credit to small scale
producers on their own personal recognition.
Nutrition-Related Programmes consist of programmes aimed at improving food
security, prevention of micro-nutrient deficiencies in children and women,
promotion of exclusive breast-feeding, deworming of school children and
promotion of food quality and safety.
Manufacturing Sector Programme includes a Small-Scale Enterprises
Programme. This is designed to promote the growth of small-scale enterprises in
Nigeria. The programme involves government promotion of small-scale
industries through easier access to bank credit, artisan technology and the
provision of appropriate infrastructural facilities.
Source: Nigeria: National Planning Commission (1994 and 1995); World Bank
(1996).
Not only has the failure to ensure the successful implementation of the
various programmes and policies made the incidence of poverty to loom large, the
phenomenon has continued to spread and deepen. And very many factors have
tended to compound the poverty situation, among which are: slow economic
growth, economic mismanagement, infratructural deficiencies, weak political
commitment to poverty alleviation programmes and measures, and a host of
macroeconomic and sectoral problems such as inf lation, rising unemployment,
exchange rate depreciation, external debt overhang, etc (CBN, 1999:68-73).
These problems are also acknowledged by the government as enunciated by Aliu
(2001:4 -5) as follows:
(i) Poor macroeconomic and monetary policies resulting in low
economic growth rate and continuous downwards slide in the value
of naira from 1986;
(ii) dwindling performance of the manufacturing sector which has the
capacity to employ about 20 million people but currently employs
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
only about 1.5 million by all the 2,750 registered members of the
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN);
(iii) increasing foreign debt overhang of almost US $30 billion,
requiring US $3.5 billion annually for servicing from an economy
earning just US$10-15 billion;
(iv) poor management of the nation’s resources, coupled with largescale
fraud and corruption, most of which has been siphoned out of
the country in hard currency; and
(v) poor execution of Government Programmes and projects especially
those aimed at the provision of social welfare services and those
aimed at the provision of economic infrastructure.
III. CURRENT EFFORTS AT POVERTY REDUCTION
The Government of President Olusegun Obasanjo, since inception in May,
1999, has expressed deep concern about the rising incidence of poverty in
Nigeria. The Government realized that if the worsening poverty situation
is not checked, the future of the nation would be doomed. In light of this,
the Government has introduced a number of progammes and measures
aimed at making a dent on poverty. Among the early activities of the
Government were the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE)
Programme, the Poverty Alleviation Programme and the constitution of
the Ahmed Joda Panel in 1999 and the Ango Abdullahi Committee in
2000. The immediate concern of the Panel/Committee was the
streamlining and rationalization of existing poverty alleviation institutions,
and the coordinated implementation and monitoring of relevant schemes
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
and programmes. These culminated in the introduction early in 2001 of
the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and the
establishment of the National Poverty Eradication Council (NAPEC).
3.1 The Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP)
This was an interim measure introduced early in 2000 to address the
problems of rising unemployment and crime wave, particularly among youths. It
was ultimately aimed at increasing the welfare of Nigerians. Essentially, the
primary objectives of PAP are three-fold:
· reduce the problem of unemployment and hence raise effective
demand in the economy;
· increase the productiveness of the economy; and
· drastically reduce the embarrassing crime wave in the society.
One could glean from government pronouncements that the
targets/components of the PAP include the following, among others:
· provide jobs for -200,000 unemployed;
· create a credit delivery system from which farmers would have
access to credit facilities;
· increase the adult literacy rate from 51 percent to 70 percent by
year 2003;
· shoot up health-care delivery system from its present 40 percent to
70 percent by year 2003
· increase the immunization of children from 40 percent to 100
percent;
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
· raise rural water supply from the present 30 percent to 60 percent
and same for rural electrification;
· embark on training and settlement of at least 60 percent of tertiary
institutions’ graduates; and
· development of simple processes and small-scale industries.
To actualize the objectives of PAP, several measures were put forward in
the 2000 Budget as well as other policy documents such as:
· increase in the salary of public sector workers that has been
decimated over the past two decades;
· improving the supervisory capacity within the nation’s institutions;
· rationalization of organizations and methods within the system,
particularly that of the existing 16 poverty alleviation institutions
in Nigeria;
· encouraging and rewarding all deserving Nigerians for industry
and enterprise;
· substantial reduction of avenues for easy and illegitimate
acquisition of wealth; and
· the launching of Universal Basic Education Programme.
The orientation of the PAP is holistic in nature, and if properly planned
and managed could tame the menace of poverty in Nigeria. But inspite of the
broad feature of the programme, emphasis seemed to have placed more on the
creation of jobs through public work system. To this end, avenues were to be
provided for the gainful employment of 200,000 idle hands. This aspect of the
programme was designed to provide jobs for at least 5000 unemployed in each
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
State. To actualize the programme, the Federal Government earmarked N10.0
billion, which was later raised to N17.0 billion by the Senate. No doubt, this
pointed to the Government’s commitment to the programme.
However, in implementation, the programme appeared to be ad-hoc in
orientation with little attention paid to the policy framework. The emphasis on
massive construction and other public work projects made it look like a one-off
affair rather than making it a revolving one.
The programme also paid little attention to the framework of allocation of
funds, sustainability aspect of the PAP and the needed collaborative arrangements
its success. The political connotation of the PAP served as an important threat to
the success of the programme. The programme was portrayed as the ruling
party’s programme and hence had met with resistance from the chief executives
of the states controlled by other political parties. This was quite noticeable in the
launching of the programme at the state level in February 2000.
Besides, the PAP also emphasized provision of credit to micro-enterprises
and trading to the exclusion of income and employment generating projects. The
programme also lacked appropriate framework for beneficiary targeting. The
timing and phasing of the direct labour (200,000 jobs) were not explicitly stated.
Yet, this aspect was very crucial to the suc cess of programme.
3.2 The National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
Introduced early in 2001, NAPEP is the current Programme which
focuses on the provision of “strategies for the eradication of absolute poverty in
Nigeria” (FRN,2001:3) NAPEP is complemented by the National Poverty
Eradication Council (NAPEC) which is to coordinate the poverty-reduction-
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
related activities of all the relevant Ministries, Parastatals and Agencies. It has the
mandate to ensure that the wide range of activities are centrally planned,
coordinated and complement one another so that the objectives of policy
continuity and sustainability are achieved.
Upon consideration of the Joda Panel and Abdullahi Committee Reports,
fourteen
(14) core poverty alleviation Ministries were identified as follows:
(i) Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii) Education
(iii) Water Resources
(iv) Industry
(v) Power and Steel
(vi) Employment, Labour and Productivity
(vii) Women Affairs and Youth Development
(viii) Health
(ix) Works and Housing
(x) Environment
(xi) Solid Minerals Development
(xii) Science and Technology
(xiii) Finance, and
(xiv) National Planning Commission
Similarly, thirty-seven (37) core poverty alleviation institutions,
agencies and programmes were identified. The poverty reduction-related
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
activities of the relevant institutions under NAPEP have been classified
into four, namely:
176 CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
(i) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which deals with capacity
acquisition, mandatory attachment, productivity improvement, credit
delivery, technology development and enterprise promotion;
(ii) Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS) which deals
with the provision of potable and irrigation water, transport (rural and
urban), rural energy and power support;
(iii) Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) which deals with
special education, primary healthcare services, establishment and
maintenance of recreational centres, public awareness facilities, youth and
student hostel development, environmental protection facilities, food
security provisions, micro and macro credits delivery, rural
telecommunications facilities, provision of mass transit, and maintenance
culture; and
(iv) Natural Resource Development and Conservation Scheme (NRDCS)
Which deals with the harnessing of the agricultural, water, solid mineral
resources, conservation of land and space (beaches, reclaimed land, etc)
particularly for the convenient and effective utilisation by small-scale
operators and the immediate community.
In effect, the current poverty eradication programme of the country is
centered on youth empowerment, rural infrastructure development, provision of
social welfare services and natural resource development and conservation.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Details about these are provided in the Blueprint for the schemes under the
National Poverty Eradication programme (as revised in June 2001). In the
attempt to overcome the inadequacies of provious programmes, the NAPEP
Blueprint has the following features (Aliu, 2001:12-13):
· it adopts the participatory bottom-up approach in programme implementation
and monitoring;
· it provides for rational framework which lays emphasis on appropriate and
sustainable institutional arrangement;
· it provides for pro-active and affirmative actions deliberately targeted at
women, youths, farmers and the disabled;
· it provides for inter-ministerial and inter-agency cooperation;
· it provides for the participation of all registered political parties, traditional
rulers, and the communities;
· it provides for technology acquisition and development particularly for
agriculture and industry;
· it provides for capacity building for existing skills acquisition and traning
centres;
· it provides for the provision of agricultural and industrial extension services to
rural areas;
· it provides for institutional development for marketing of agricultural and
industrial products; and
· it provides for integrated schemes for youth empowerment, development of
infrastructure, provision of social welfare services and exploitation of
natural resources.
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
What becomes obvious from a careful consideration of the foregoing and
their elaborations in the blueprint is that much of the problems that attended
previous efforts have been sharply focussed upon following their identification.
Nonetheless, the statement of good intentions and enunciation of measures
towards poverty eradication are only necessary but not sufficient conditions. The
way forward is to recognise the problems and look beyond to operational and
incidental matters that may arise at the level of implementation vis-à-vis some
pertinent issues that may not have been adequately covered in the blueprint.
3.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
The government is currently preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP) under the supervision of the Economic Policy Coordinating Committee in
the Office of the Vice President. The PRSP is a document that will show the
commitment of the government in addressing poverty reduction. It will contain a
comprehensive poverty reduction plan and strategies to address it over a time
horizon. A National Core Team which was inaugurated in February, 2001, is
responsible for the technical preparation of the PRSP in two stages. The first
stage involves the preparation of an Interim-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP),
which would dovetail into the second stage of preparing the full PRSP.
The I-PRSP was introduced to avoid delays in receiving international assistance
which donors have predicated on the production of a PRSP. The I-PRSP includes
a stocktaking of the country’s current mechanism for poverty reduction and a road
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
map of how the country will develop its full PRSP. The I-PRSP was completed in
August 2001, thus paving way for the preparation of the PRSP.
IV. SOME PERTINENT ISSUES ON THE WAY FORWARD
Inspite of the expressed concerns of past governments and the plethora of
programmes and policies that have a bearing on poverty, the incidence and
scourge of poverty have worsened over the years. The factors which have
constrained the effectiveness of the programmes and policies have been
outlined already. Now, with the NAPEP being the centrepiece of the
Government’s efforts at poverty reduction what are the prospects of
achieving the international development goal of halving the incidence of
poverty by 2015? This question is pertinent against the background of the
Nigerian economy which is characterised by low economic growth, rapid
population growth, mismanagement of available resources and large-scale
corruption. Therefore, for NAPEP to make a meaningful dent on poverty,
there is the need for poverty reduction programmes to be implemented
within the framework of rapid economic growth with equity, controlled
population growth, sound economic management, and good governance,
among others. Some of these and other pertinent issues relating to poverty
reduction programmes are discussed briefly as follows:
(i) Broad-based Economic Growth with Equity
Rapid growth is important for poverty reduction. Therefore attention must
be focused on those macro and microeconomic policies and programmes which
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
would ensure the rapid growth of the economic. Economic growth is crucial in
efforts aimed at conquering poverty as it would:
· Generate income earning opportunities for the poor, make job
creation possible, and thereby make use of their most abundant assetlabour;
· Produce additional resources for the government to use for social
programmes aimed at overcoming poverty; and
· Increase the incomes poor people receive as remuneration for their
labour.
However, economic growth alone is not sufficient for poverty reduction.
Therefore, growth must be accompanied by a deliberate policy of redistribution
and equity, promoted by participation. In this direction, broad-based growth that
involves the poor and generates employment is recognised to have a tremendous
impact on pove rty. In Nigeria, targeted efforts are required to induce broad-based
growth and provide social services and infrastructure aimed at reducing the depth
and severity of poverty of poverty across the country. Given the high incidence of
poverty in the country, the pursuit of rapid economic growth cannot be
overemphasised in the current and future efforts at poverty reduction. Indeed, for
a considerable decline in poverty, indications are that an economic growth rate of
7-8 per cent is required. And policies to foster growth would need to be
complemented by those aimed specifically at reducing poverty.
(ii) Targeting of Interventions
Considering the magnitude and profile of the magnitude and dimensions
of poverty in Nigeria, it would be clear that a sizable number of poor and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
disenfranchised people cannot participate directly in broad growth process. And
given the level of impoverishment, they may also not be able to have access and
use of the social and economic infrastructure provided to improve human capital.
It is therefore essential to provide targeted resource transfers and support to such
groups of people in rural and urban areas. The government can target the delivery
of some services and resources to reach poor areas and to communities living in
poverty, building on existing community-based organisations, civil society groups
and their activities where possible. Some element of targeting should also be
introduced in public expenditure, especially for social sector spending (health and
education) which touch the lives of the poor people than most of other public
expenditure.
(iii) Nature of Involvement of Beneficiaries
Experience from the past poverty alleviation programmes has shown the
inability to involve the people in their planning and implementation. However,
one of the main features of NAPEP is the adoption of the bottom-up approach to
programme implementation and monitoring (Aliu, 2001:12). But then, this tends
to give the indication that the bottom-up precludes the involvement of
beneficiaries in the identification in the identification of projects and programmes.
This is more so as “NAPEC is mandated to ensure that the wide range of activities
are centrally planned, coordinated and compleme nt one another so that the
objectives of policy continuity and sustainability are achieved” (FRN, 2001:5). If
the above indication is accurate, them there is the need to extend the bottom-up
concept to include direct participation of the benefiting communities in project
identification. Experience has shown that the non-involvement of such
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
communities is always a detraction from appropriateness of projects, as well as
their sustainability. This is because the top-down approach widely adopted in
project identification and selection has often led to beneficiaries not associating
themselves with such projects. Therefore, there should be sufficient participation
of the grassroot people in the identification and implementation of projects
affecting their lives. This will not only increase their commitment to such
programmes but will also de -emphasize the erstwhile perception of such
programmes as conduit pipes for national cake sharing, which they feel is
responsible for their poverty. It also promotes empowerment on project
management as well as its sustainability.
(iv)Political Allegiance and Continuity of Programmes, Projects and Services
The communiqué and syndicate reports of the first retreat for Executive
Governors and State Coordinators of the NAPEP, June 24-25, 2001, issued under
the aegis of the Presidency, raised some very crucial issues. Paragraph 7 of the
communiqué states the following:
Discussion at both the Plenary Sessions and Syndicate Groups were frank,
and devoid of political, tribal or religious colourations, in a free and relaxed
atmosphere where the sole goal of all participants was to evolve lasting strategies
to eradicate a problem which, participants argreed, respects no political, ethnic or
religious boundaries. Participants expressed full support and commitment for the
programme but urged that everything be done to avoid its derailment either
through partisan considerations, corruption or other malpractices which militated
against the success of previous programmes (emphasis ours).
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Similarly, the third resolution/recommendation of syndicate Group A at
the retreat read: That NAPEP should not be limited to the life span of any
particular Government or Administration in power but should be sustained to
elicit desired objective and impact.
These remarks bring to the fore the issues and problems associated with
political culture and the politicisation of programmes and projects. The foreging
paragraph 7 of the communiqué under reference accurately underlines the fact of
poverty not recognising political boundaries. However, the Nigerian reality point
to the fact that political differences could be a strong factor in the accentuation of
poverty in particular areas. This arises when relevant schemes and programmes
are resisted in some regions/zones or states simply because of the perceived
advantages the implementation could confer on some political parties. For
instance, there were reports of the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) government in
old Anambra State refusing the construction of Federal roads in the State because
the rival National Party of Nigeria (NPN) could make it a campaign issue.
Similarly, in year 2000, there were reports that the Alliance for Democracy (AD)
Governors of South-West Zone were apprehensive that the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) at the Centre might have conceived of the PAP for strategic political
gains. Indeed, there were allegations of the AD Governors working against the
PAP in order to frustrate the PDP Federal Government.
The point to stress is that poverty is too critical an issue that everyone,
irrespective of party affiliation and leaning, should be deeply concerned about its
eradication. The idea of sabotaging a scheme simply because it was initiated by a
rival political party/group should not arise. It is only with such a spirit that a
scheme could live beyond its initiators-a factor that is pertinent to the
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
sustainability and continuity of services. Perhaps, consideration could be given to
making poverty alleviation an explicit constitutional matter in view of the fact that
no one administration can meaningfully bind its successor to its programmes.
This also reinforces the need to give expression to poverty alleviation objectives
in national development plans with the strategies consolidated into the nation's
overall development/policy management framework.
(v) Good Governance, Transparency, Accountability and Social
Responsibility
Corruption is generally acknowledged as having adversely affected
previous poverty alleviation efforts in Nigeria. Corruption is one of the aspects of
bad governance. The anti-corruption crusade of the present administration is
expected to have favourable implications for poverty alleviation if successfully
carried through. The communiqué earlier referred to has as one of the imperatives
for success of the NAPEP “ensuring that corruption and other sharp practices at
any stage of the programme are not condoned but severely punished”.
The manifestations and problems associated with corruption have various
dimensions. Among these are project substitution, plan distortion,
misrepresentation of project finances, diversion of resources to uses to which they
were not meant, even conversion of public funds to private uses, etc. The effect
of corruption is both direct and indirect on poverty increase. On the hand, the
indirect effect follows from the reduction or misapplication of resources which
penalizes growth rate and growth potential. When growth rates are lowered, there
will be no outputs and incomes to redistribute. So poverty could escalate. One
the other hand, the direct effect is that the poor are denied resources and access to
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
facilities that could have been provided through judicious application of the
siphoned/diverted resources.
A related problem is that lack of social responsibility manifest in the
vandalisation or wilful destruction of facilities that benefit the poor. It is expected
that the bottom-up approach to project identification with attendant association of
beneficiaries with the projects, will minimise vandalisation. But beyond that it is
crucially necessary that efforts and resources are committed to security of
provisions. Finally, in order to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management of poverty reduction programmes and projects, all the stakeholders
should be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of such projects.
v. CONCLUSION
The embarassing paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in Nigeria
suggests the compelling need for a single -minded pursuit of the objective of
poverty reduction and its eventual elimination. To this end, there is the need for
an agreed poverty reduction agenda that can be used by all stakeholders – Federal
Government, State Government, Local Governments, NGOs and the International
Donor Community. There is also the need for strong political commitment to the
poverty reduction goal, as well as a depoliticisation of poverty alleviation
programmes and projects. Very importantly, in order to make a meaningful dent
on poverty it is crucial for poverty reduction programmes and measures to be
implemented within the framework of rapid broad-based economic growth with
equity, controlled population growth, sound economic management and good
governance, among others. Finally, it is important to give expression to poverty
alleviation objectives in national development plans with the strategies and
CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
measures integrated into the country’s overall development/policy management
framework.
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CBN ECONOMIC & FINANCIAL REVIEW, VOL. 39 N0. 4
Ukpong, S.J. (1996), “Putting People First: New Directions for Eradicating
Poverty”, A Paper Presented at the National Dialogue/Workshop on
Agenda for Sustainable Human Development in Nigeria, Organized by the UNDP
in port-Harcourt, 3-5 May.
World Bank (1996), Nigeria, Poverty in the Midst of Plenty: The challenge of
Growth with Inclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank (1993), Poverty Reduction Handbook Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), Advancing Social Development. Washington, D.C.: The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
World Bank (1995), “Distribution and Growth: Complements, Not
Compromises”. Policy Research Bulletin, vol. 6, No. 3 (May-July).

POBREZA REDUCTON EN NIGERIA, LA MANERA ADELANTE
Automatically translated into Spanish thanks to WorldLingo
REDUCCIÓN DE LA POBREZA EN NIGERIA: LA MANERA REMITE

1. INTRODUCCIÓN que
la descripción de Nigeria como paradoja por el banco mundial (1996) ha continuado
siendo confirmada por acontecimientos y estadística del funcionario en el país. La paradoja es
que el nivel de pobreza en Nigeria contradice la abundancia inmensa del país.
Entre otras cosas, el país enormemente se dota con humano,
agrícola, petróleo, gas, y recursos mineral sólidos sin aprovechar grandes.
Particularmente worrisome es que el país ganado US$300 excesivo mil millones a partir de un
recurso - petróleo - durante las tres décadas pasadas del vigésimo siglo. Pero
más bien que el progreso notable del expediente en el desarrollo socioeconómico nacional,
Nigeria retrogressed para convertirse en uno de los 25 países más pobres en el umbral
del vigésimo primer siglo mientras que ella estaba entre los 50 más ricos del early-1970s.
La estadística oficial demuestra que eso en el an o 80 la incidencia (media) nacional
de la pobreza era 28.1 por de la población. La distribución de la incidencia a través
de los estados de la federación demostró un máximo de 49.5 por ciento registrados para
la meseta (y Nassarawa cuál fue suprimido de meseta). Esto significó que cada
estado tenía una incidencia de la pobreza debajo de 50 por ciento. Antes de 1985, la incidencia (media)
de la pobreza del nacional se había levantado a 46.3 por ciento, con el máximo de 68.9 por ciento
registrados en Bauchi (y Gombe que fue tallado fuera de Bauchi). Como en 1996,
el promedio nacional estaba parado en 65.6 por ciento con Sokoto, Kebbi y Zamfara (todo el
profesor. Mike I. Obadan es el director general, el centro nacional para la gerencia
económica y la administración (NCEMA), Ibadan.
REVISIÓN ECONÓMICA Y FINANCIERA DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. viejo
Sokoto estado de 4) que registra la incidencia más alta de 83.6 por ciento; seguido por
Bauchi y Gombe con 83.5 por ciento. Como en 2000, la incidencia de la pobreza
fue creída para haberse levantado a 70 por ciento en el nivel nacional.
La incidencia de aumento de la pobreza, dentro y entre de localizaciones,
estaba a pesar de varios recursos y de esfuerzos ejercidos en programas
y esquemas pobreza-relacionados en el país, así sugiriendo que los programas y
los esquemas eran ineficaces e ineficaces. Teniendo en cuenta la preocupación profunda
del actual gobierno por la pobreza extensa y que azota, este papel repasa
iniciativas anteriores y actuales en el aligeramiento/la reducción de la pobreza en Nigeria, y
examina algunas ediciones pertinentes en la manera adelante. Por consiguiente, descripciones de la sección
2 algunas políticas del aligeramiento de la pobreza y programas antes del advenimiento
de la actual administración mientras que la sección 3 presenta toques de luz de los esfuerzos
actuales de la reducción de la pobreza. La sección 4 trata algunas ediciones pertinentes en la manera
adelante. La sección 5 concluye el papel.

II. La DESCRIPCIÓN los planes Unit.l del aligeramiento
de la POBREZA del ALIGERAMIENTO de la pobreza
ANTERIOR de los PROGRAMAS Y de las POLÍTICAS II.1 y de desarrollo
nacional la inauguración de un comité de desarrollo de programa del aligeramiento
de la pobreza (PAPDC) por el gobierno nigeriano en 1994, todos los esfuerzos en el aligeramiento
de la pobreza era esencialmente ad hoc. Era generalmente el caso que los programas
y las estrategias del aligeramiento de la pobreza no fueron cristalizados y no fueron consolidados
dentro de los objetivos totales del desarrollo de la nación. Esta visión se lleva fuera de una REVISIÓN ECONÓMICA y FINANCIERA de CBN, vol. N0 39. lectura atenta 4 de los varios planes de desarrollo nacional sobre el período 1962-85, y planes nacionales del balanceo a partir de 1990. La significación particular del desarrollo
nacional/del balanceo planea las bisagras en el hecho de que proporcionaron/proporcionan mucho del marco para la búsqueda de los objetivos del desarrollo desde el logro
de la independencia política en 1960. Puede ser observado de los documentos del plan que “la meta fundamental del planeamiento económico en Nigeria es el logro del aumento rápido en la capacidad productiva de la nación con objeto de mejorar los estándares vivos de la gente”. Esta declaración sugiere una cierta preocupación con la reducción de la pobreza que exige
el estándar mejorado vivir. Sin embargo, los objetivos del aligeramiento de la pobreza eran objetivos tangenciales y no explícitos de todos los planes. Los objetivos pobreza-relacionados durante 1962-85 incluyeron:

(a) aumento en per capita renta;
(b) una distribución de la renta más uniforme;
(c) reducción en el nivel del desempleo; y
(d) aumento en la fuente de mano de obra de alto nivel.

En una vena relacionada, el primer plan nacional del balanceo tenía, entre otras cosas, los objetivos de:

* Creando posibilidades de empleo amplias como medios
de contener el problema del desempleo; y

* realzando el nivel del conocimiento sociopolítico de la gente y más futuro consolidando la base para una economía orientada comercialmente y atenuando el impacto adverso del descenso económico en los grupos más afectados. REVISIÓN ECONÓMICA Y FINANCIERA DE CBN, VOL. N0 39. 4 aunque las declaraciones no directas de la preocupación con el aligeramiento de la pobreza, el precedente tienen implicaciones para la pobreza. Por ejemplo, si hay un aumento en renta de la por-capita, simultáneamente con una distribución de la renta más uniforme, tales
conducirían a la reducción de la pobreza. La reducción en el nivel del desempleo es concebible una condición necesaria para la realización de la por-capita creciente de la renta. La declaración
directa más cercana de la preocupación con pobreza se contiene en el tercer plan (FRN, 1975:29):
… el desarrollo no es apenas una cuestión de crecimiento en per capita renta. Es posible
registrar una alta tarifa de crecimiento en per capita renta mientras que las masas de la gente
continúan estando en pobreza despreciable y carecer en las necesidades básicas de la vida,
particularmente en una situación como en Nigeria hoy, donde el ímpetu del crecimiento
deriva de un sector que impacto directo en el bulto de la población sea pequeño.
Un objetivo importante del plan, por lo tanto, es separar las ventajas
del desarrollo económico así que el Nigerian experimentaría una mejora marcada
en su estándar vivir.
No obstante, en la misma vena que la preocupación con el aligeramiento de la pobreza estaba haber derivado
y no un objetivo directo, las estrategias en el plan no era lucidly directo y
explícitamente específico.
Generalmente, las prioridades y las estrategias declaradas en virtualmente todos los planes
bajo referencia demuestran que la producción agrícola siempre fue acordada
la prioridad más alta (FRN) (1990: 17); FRN (1981: 37); FRN (1970: 35) - aunque,
el tercer plan acentuó el desarrollo mutuo de la agricultura y de la industria para
el crecimiento equilibrado (FRN, 1975: 30). Incluso en el documento estructural del programa
de ajuste, la agricultura era considerada uno de los sectores críticos la REVISIÓN
ECONÓMICA y FINANCIERA que de CBN, vol. N0 39. la rehabilitación
4 sería crucial al éxito del programa (FRN, 1986:8).
Un concomitance del desarrollo agrícola, o su apanage, es desarrollo rural.
Contra el fondo que sitúan los pobres preponderantly en áreas rurales,
y se enganchan principalmente a agricultura, el acuerdo de la prioridad más alta a la agricultura
en los documentos del plan sugeriría la disposición favorable hacia el aligeramiento
de la pobreza.
Del precedente, dos acercamientos distintos al aligeramiento de la pobreza se podían
decir para haber ofrecido prominente en los planes y el planeamiento de desarrollo nacional
de Nigeria. Éstas son la estrategia del desarrollo económico que presume el goteo
abajo de las ventajas del crecimiento a los pobres, y la estrategia del desarrollo rural/
agrícola. De hecho, el desarrollo rural se podía ver como siendo central
a las estrategias del aligeramiento de la pobreza de Nigeria. Y el centro - el pedazo de la política
de desarrollo rural ha sido desarrollo agrícola, complementado por la infraestructura
social y económica. Durante mucho tiempo ahora, el funcionamiento del crecimiento
del país no ha sido satisfactorio, con crecimiento negativo por la mitad primer
de los años 80 y de los crecimientos muy bajos desde 1992 (un promedio de 2.5 por ciento a partir de la 1992-
1999). Incluso en períodos del desarrollo económico, los Nigerians no experimentaron
la reducción considerable o comensurada de la pobreza. En 1985-1992, había
un aumento leve en el GDP y per capita la renta, y había una gota leve en
nivel agregado del headcount de la pobreza (a partir de 46.3 por ciento to42.7), pero el worsene
d de la desigualdad y el corazón-pobre no compartió en el crecimiento pues la profundidad y la severidad
de la pobreza no mejoraron perceptiblemente. Esto sugiere la necesidad de una estrategia
del crecimiento con la equidad para la reducción de la pobreza.
En suma, en el marco de los planes de desarrollo nacional,
el pensamiento implícito era que existió una relación positiva crecimiento en el GDP y
la REVISIÓN ECONÓMICA y FINANCIERA de CBN, vol. N0 39. bienestar
creciente 4 para los ciudadanos generales. Y por eso, el acercamiento al aligeramiento
de la pobreza según lo expresado en los objetivos fundamentales de los planes de desarrollo
no implicó las políticas y los programas que apuntaron directamente a pobres.
Se esperaba que los pobres implícito beneficiaran del “chorrito - abajo esfuerzos”
del proceso total del desarrollo. Pero éste no ha sido el caso. Y el crecimiento se debe
acompañar tan por una política deliberada de intervenciones apuntadas.
Los programas del gobierno II.2 y las políticas relacionados con la pobreza
teniendo en cuenta la preocupación del gobierno por la reducción de la pobreza, las políticas
numerosas y los programas se han diseñado contemporáneamente u otros, si no
para resolver las necesidades especiales de los pobres, por lo menos de alcanzarlos. El advenimiento
del programa de ajuste estructural in1986 trajo hacia fuera más poderosamente la necesidad
de políticas y de programas de aliviar pobreza y de proporcionar las redes de seguridad para
los pobres. Este énfasis se presentó de un conocimiento de los efectos negativos involuntarios
de las políticas estructurales del ajuste en los grupos vulnerables en la sociedad. Mientras que
el ajuste estructural tenía sus efectos saludables en desarrollo económico, careció
énfasis en el desarrollo y también acentuó problemas socioeconómicos
de la desigualdad de la renta, del acceso desigual al alimento, del abrigo, de la educación, de la salud y de otras
necesidades de la vida. Él de hecho, agravado la incidencia de la pobreza entre grupos vulnerables
ny del mA en la sociedad.
Como resultado de la deterioración continua de condiciones vivas en los últimos